Effectiveness of Soap and Shampoo in Hard Water

Effectiveness of scoopful and lave in Hard WaterLiterature ReviewAccording to Soap and purifying Association of Canada SDAP (n.d.), whip is an effective cleansing agent, however its dominance rationalized when used in hard body of water supply which has contaminations c be calcium, magnesium, weight-lift and manganese. These mineral table brininesss will react with soap to form insoluble salt cognise as scum or soap film. For detergent, it is effective to repair in hard water and soft water due to it has more(prenominal) surfactants (SPAD, n.d.). For shampoo, it is still work in hard water and soft water. It is little effectively as detergent, but its effectiveness is stronger than soap. The shampoo lessens the ability of shampoo to later in hard water. To increase the effectiveness of soap and shampoo in hard water , the calcium oxide softening ,Zeolite Base alternate softening process, distillation reverse-osmosis softening, and electrolysis are introduced (Mou ntain empire participation College, n.d.).For the lime softening, the entree of lime until pH 10 to 10.5 in order to change magnesium and calcium change into calcium change and magnesium hydroxide. (Mountain empire Community College, n.d.). The addition of lime and carbon dioxide to produce water and calcium change, which uses in next step. The lime reacts with calcium bicarbonate will form water and calcium carbonate that forms white precipitate out of the solution. Magnesium bicarbonate react with lime will form calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate and water. The magnesium carbonate reacts with excess of lime to form calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide which toilette be precipitate out from water. The spirited concentration of calcium carbonate and lime which increase the pH of water will corrode the steel pipes. The recarbonation can lower the pH of water, but it can react with calcium carbonate and drawback to calcium bicarbonate. The addition of acids like sulfur ic acid and hydrochloric acid can be reduced the pH of water.Zeolite Base Exchange softening process can be known as ion exchange softening. The raw water passes by means of a pick up that contains resin granules to exchange the ions that cause hardness like magnesium and calcium to sodium. For this, it does not need flash mixer, flocculation basin and sedimentation basin for lime softening. The calcium, magnesium and another(prenominal) metals are replaced by sodium ions which cause business for those who cannot consume too much salt. When the zeolite bed becomes saturated with calcium, magnesium and other metals, it can be regenerated by washing with brine solution which can cause disposal problem.For the reverse-osmosis softening, the water is pulled into a semi permeable tissue layer (Mountain Empire Community College, n.d.). The calcium and magnesium and other metals cannot pass through it and capture at the side of semi permeable membrane (Mountain Empire Community College , n.d.). The morphology of membrane has lower wall thickness and a larger size of pore resulted in the higher yields (Li, 2011). The process power increases due to the increasing both feed flow rate and temperature increases the circularize flux simultaneously (Li, 2011). The higher flow rates also achieved warmth losses by conduction, which decreases the thermal efficiency (Li, 2011). This efficiency also reduces when the salt concentration in the feed was achieved (Li, 2011). The influence of magnesium, calcium, stain and other metals on the process efficiency was considered (Li, 2011).Electrodialysis is the water passes surrounded by two plates with positive and disallow electrical charge which the positive charge terminus attracts non-metal and interdict terminal attracts metals.IntroductionSoap, shampoo and detergent are important in emotional state to cleanse our body and clothes by killed disease and dirts. Soap is make up of saturated fat from animals oil or vegetable salt. Detergent is included from synthetic ingredients. Shampoo is made up of soap or detergents compounds. The surfactants are important for cleaning compound and reduce the surface tension of water or solid to increase the wet ability of water when it used in low concentration (Allan Campbell, n.d.).There are 4 types of surfactant which are anionic, cationic, amphoteric, and nonionic (Wolf et al., n.d.). The anionic hydrophilic are carboxylates, sulphates, sulphonates and phosphates which are negative charge that need alkaline or rudimentary materials to neutralize them (Wolf et al., n.d.). The cationic surfactants are some form of amine ingathering which is positive charge and need acid to neutralise it (Wolf et al., n.d.).The amphoterics surfactants have negative and positive charges which can react with acid and alkaline (Wolf et al., n.d.). Nonionics have no charged components, but it connected to water at ether group O of a polyethylene glycol link (Wolf et al., n.d.). The hydrophilic at end of surfactant is strongly attracted or dissolved in water because it forms hydrogen bond and electrostatic force with water (Wolf et al., n.d.). The force of attractive feature between aquaphobic and water is slight and dissolved in organic substances because it forms dissemination force which it do not have freely moving ions (Wolf et al., n.d.). In order to balance for the lost of entropy, the water atoms force the aquaphobic molecule to cluster together and occupy minimum of space (Bhairi, 2007). The repulsion and attraction between hydrophobic, hydrophilic and water caused hydrophilic moving toward the water and hydrophobic is squeezed away from water (Wolf et al., n.d.). This phenomenon is known as hydrophobic effect and hydrophobic tails are called hydrophobic interactions (Bhairi, 2007).In this experiment, we will determine the effectiveness of shampoo, soap and detergent in different of medium.ReferencesAllan Campbell. (n.d.). Surfactants Surface active agents. Retrieved from http//www.chemistry.co.nz/surfactants.htmWolf, R., Davidovici, B., Israel, R., Parish, L.C., Philadelphia (n.d.). Soaps, detergents and shampoos. Retrieved from http//www.google.com/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=9cad=rjaved=0CHYQFjAIurl=http//www.iacdworld.org/ ci/soaps.pdfei=PYsJU9CGCOWQigevkIHoAwusg=AFQjCNGouNpt5nGf8eMaIYatn21bMwPRtAsig2=S4PJOSnIqxaeL9VoyTlnawbvm=bv.61725948,d.aGcBhairi, S. (2007). Detergent A guide to the properties and uses of detergents in biology and biochemistry. Retrieved from http//www.google.com/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=9cad=rjaved=0CHYQFjAIurl=http//www.iacdworld.org/ ci/soaps.pdfei=PYsJU9CGCOWQigevkIHoAwusg=AFQjCNGouNpt5nGf8eMaIYatn21bMwPRtAsig2=S4PJOSnIqxaeL9VoyTlnawbvm=bv.61725948,d.aGcSoap and Detergent Association of Canada SPAD (n.d.). Soap and detergent. Retrieved from http//www.healthycleaning101.org/english/SDAC_soaps.htmlMountain Empire Community College (n.d.). Softening. Retrieved from http//water.me. vccs.edu/courses/ENV115/lesson9.htmLi, J. (2011). Computer-Aided Design, mold and Simulation of a New Solar Still Design. Modeling Simulation in Engineering, 2011(1-5). doi10.1155/2011/903721

Models of Policing

Models of PolicingThe first law force was wee-weed in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel he created 17 metropolitan police divisions in London. By 1856 the rest of the verdant was required to establish a police force. Since then, many different stupefys of policing curb been developed and experimented with, developments in policing and villainy control were fairly rapid during the 1990s, this is collect(p) to many reasons such as changing patterns of crime, changing demands on the police, and changing expectations of the police and their role in communities.The two specimens of policing that testament be depict and discussed in this essay atomic number 18 the Problem-Oriented policing copy and the wisdom-Led policing sit around. They each differ from iodin another substantiall(a)y and across a range of dimensions, they differ in means and ends, methods and priorities, techniques and successes. However, they do to a fault sh are some common features in their methods despite dif fering in the reasons for doing so.The Intelligence-Led policing seat is home grown from the United Kingdom, it draws upon the tactile sensation that the police discharge and do be intimate a great switch salutary up-nigh offending patterns. It addresses the supposed failure of the police to address the systemic sources of crime and patterns within crime. The main(prenominal) thought is that the police and should actively chase knowledge about criminals and their organisation (Tilley 2003). The Audit Commission (1993) prescribed a proactive admission, chumping the criminal not the crime and making more(prenominal) than riding habit of news program. Carrying out this proactive approach involves in effect sourcing, assembling and analysing intuition about criminals and their activities to disrupt their offending. Done so by targeting enforcement and patrol where the activity is the or so common (Tilley 2003). The core emphases of the Intelligence-Led policing regu late are the counselling on crime alone, the means used are enforcement and the disruption of criminal groups these measures are aimed at reducing the puzzle by undermining the ability of criminals to do their business. These activities are conscious by the recognition gained from the analysts about understanding the business of the criminals all organisations baffling are enforcement agencies in order to successfully aid the focus of this method. It is enforcing the operable business of policing more briskly, using schooling technology and modern methods (Tilley 2003).The Problem-Oriented policing clay sculpture however, is more of a global movement with American origins. It embraces an analytic approach which takes community concerns seriously whilst developing strategic responses that aim to deal effectively with have intercourses underlying police-relevant community problems, the origins of this method lie within the work of Goldstein (1979). It incorporates an eviden t conception of the nature and role of modern policing, with officer imagination, local dexterity and community resources being used where it is relevant to do so (Tilley 2003). The Problem-Oriented policing object lesson to a fault stresses substance and effectiveness over process and style, it is pre-dominantly evidence based. Goldstein outlines several(prenominal) purposes of this method of policing, they are to pr regulart and control conduct which threatens life and property, to aid victims and protect those in danger of physical harm, to protect constitutional guarantees, to ease the movement of people and vehicles, to assist those who cannot care for themselves, to resolve conflict surrounded by individuals, groups or citizens and their government, to identify problems which may escalate for individuals, the police or even the government and to create and maintain a feeling of security in the community (Goldstein 1977, dragd in Scott 2000). The aim is to achieve these sa id purposes by systematically addressing relevant problems in the community the identified problems should then be thoroughly researched and understood. Relevant responses should be identified and targeted on the basis of this compendium (Tilley 2003).Already it is clear that in that respect are differences in the focus points of twain models however a common factor between these models is the use of compendium, intelligence and computers. Both the Intelligence-Led policing model and the Problem-Oriented policing model use these new methods due to the issue that criminality is becoming more sophisticated and mobile, the identification of patterns is beyond the qualification of localised, informal methods of identification (NCIS 2000). Therefore, up to date intelligence allows for speedy well targeted interventions in an ever-changing society of criminals and varying criminal organisation (Tilley 2003). Computers are used as they enable dampen attention of the flow of select ive culture that the police receive about criminals, their behaviour and organisation (Tilley 2003). Through this, smarter march can be taken to control them through deterrence, disruption, arrest or incarceration, as the information is nonionic and easy to access it is easier and quicker to create an operation to take down criminals. The improved quality of the analysis is due to the improved quality of the intelligence systems. Both of the models of policing heavily rely on analysing data. analytic thinking converts raw information into actionable intelligence by pursuance patterns in crime data, seeing the similarities in criminal events and constructing profiles (Cope 2004). It offers a subtraction of data about crime that is developed out of context (Peterson 1990) and also provides the opportunity to rationalise policing (Manning 2001). The two models of policing require specialist analysts, these analysts make a great deal more systematic use of information and often c all for information accretion as well as use of information already at hand (Tilley 2003).Although both policing methods use analysis, the information which they seek is different. The analysis method has sound foundations within the principles of Problem-Oriented policing (Goldstein 1979). The focus on information collection is on problematic patterns of behaviour that produce police-relevant problems for the community and on pat points of intervention to reduce them, remove them or prevent the harm front by them (Clarke and Eck 2003). The analysis tends to focus on enduring problems that are not responsive to standard forms of policing, on that pointfore its focus spans relatively long periods and relatively wide situations so that there is much more data promptly available from records (Tilley 2003). It calls for the close specification of problems and the problem along with its analysis comes first.Analysis is also integral to the theory of the Intelligence-Led policing m odel. It is on a need to know security principle (NCIS 2000). The process of this model exemplifies concerns with identifying, prioritizing and intervening to minimise risk. Intelligence can be understood as information developed to make police action (Cope 2004). The Intelligence-Led policing model is fed by intelligence products, of which there are four types firstly strategic assessments, these provide a perennial term picture of trends possibly with forecasts for the future, secondly tactical assessments, these are swindle term and are aligned to the tactical menu, thirdly target profiles, these profiles describe the offenders and their associates to inform operations against them and lastly problem profiles, these profiles identify emerging serial of offenders or hotspots for crime (Cope 2004) all the information which is put forward in these products is actively sought. The focus of information collection and analysis in the Intelligence-Led policing model is on offenders and their networking patterns, and to inform smart enforcement focused on serious and fertile offending patterns. It tends to naturally focus on current or real recent offending patterns. The intelligence used is often gained from informants and is done so covertly, whereas the Problem-Oriented policing model rarely needs or uses covertly collected information and information from informants. The Intelligence-Led policing model leaves little if any space for analysis of none-crime problems, the major(ip)(ip) information task is thus finding and drawing together ship canal of tracking offender and offending patterns as they emerge, and disrupting them through targeted enforcement (Tilley 2003). Crime analysis is crucial for this method of policing to work effectively because it endeavours to deliver the right information to the right people at the right time (Fletcher 2000).The Intelligence-Led policing model and the Problem-Oriented policing model both note the association between repeat victimisation and fecund offending. For the Problem-Oriented policing model repeat victimisation comprises a major pattern of problem events requiring systematic attention (Pease 1998). Repeat offenders appear to be largely liable for repeat offences (Everson and Pease 2001). Therefore focusing proactive enforcement efforts on those already ill-used is an efficient way of targeting prolific offenders. This falls in line with the Intelligence-Led policing model which steers attention towards this. However, the Problem-Oriented policing model is also concerned with non-enforcement methods of reducing the vulnerability of those already victimised (Tilley 2003).The way in which the models of policing are enforced differs on a much larger scale. The Problem-Oriented policing model is carried out by crime ginmill officers and crime pattern analysts. It implies attention to problems exploiting available pinch-points in the conditions generating problems (Tilley 2002). This may accommodate targeting prolific offenders, criminal organisations, those recruiting new criminals or stolen intimatelys markets, any or all of which are likely to be focused on in the Intelligence-Led policing model. However, the major difference is that the Problem-Oriented policing model is also interested in finding pinch-points that do require enforcement. These will often include reductions in opportunity of the clear up stressed in situational crime prevention (Braga 2002). Situational crime prevention reduces the criminals opportunities to perpetrate crime for example making changes in the environment to make the criminal believe that the crime is not worth committing as it is too risky, this is something which the Problem-Oriented policing model endorses in its methods of policing via the problem analysis triangle, this consists of the offender or source of complaint, a victim or victims and a location or characteristics of locations (Cohen and Felson 1979). Problems can be removed or ameliorated by altering one or more of the three problem features with the aid of situational crime prevention.Crackdown and consolidation strategies are believable candidates for many problems addressed in the Problem-Oriented Policing model (Wright 1994). The crackdown side agrees with the Intelligence-Led policing model, for both it involves efforts to target intensive, well publicised enforcement to incapacitate and/or deter offenders creating problems, this can also have beneficial side-effect beyond the operation of the crackdown (Sherman 1990). The Problem-Oriented policing model however will be equally concerned with consolidation, the introduction of measures to produce sustained falls in crime during the lull created by the crackdown (Tilley 2003).In addition to this, the Problem-Oriented policing model embraces concerns that extend beyond law enforcement. It is relevant to all police-relevant problems. Smart enforcement is requisite for some but not all i ssues that are addressed by the police, for example a child going missing from home is more of a problem for policing but not smart enforcement. Various semipermanent crime problems are more open to non-enforcement preventive interventions than they are smart enforcement. Few enduring crime or non-crime problems are effectively dealt with by enforcement alone (Tilley 2003). This leads to the Problem-Oriented policing model to be seen as more community golden as it does not ignore their needs it focuses on all problems in society.On the other hand, the Intelligence-Led policing model is carried out mainly by intelligence officers and Criminal Investigation Departments (CID). It is the outcome of a desire to professionalise the intelligence discipline within the law enforcement (NCIS 2000). Enforcement can be made smarter by assiduously assembling analysing and acting upon information relating to the activities and organisation of major offenders (Tilley 2003). The Intelligence-Led p olicing model works at three interconnecting levels level one covers local issues and glitz crime, level two covers cross border issues, where crime issues cross jurisdictional borders and where intelligence needs to be shared, and level three covers serious and organised crime operating on a national or planetary scale (Tilley 2003). Although it does not cover issues which do not require smart enforcement like the Problem-Oriented policing model does, it covers issues which spread overseas and could be considered a more professional business type method of policing.Within the Intelligence-Led policing model there is a tasking and co-ordination group which is central to this method. The group has meetings which set the agenda for intelligence gathering, receiving intelligence, making tactical assessments, allocating law enforcement effort and reviewing said efforts, all of which are crucial elements of this model of policing. The meetings are made up of four main elements the firs t being targeting offenders, the second is the management of hotspots, the third is the investigation of offences and the one-fourth is the application of preventative measures such as CCTV (NCIS 2000). The fourth element to this sits well with Problem-Oriented policing as it is essentially a form of situational crime prevention, something which the Problem-Oriented policing model embraces in its method of policing.It is easy to see that the Intelligence-Led policing model is concerned with traditional police priorities the detection of crime and the apprehension of serious and prolific offenders (Tilley 2003). Crime is deemed let out controllable by better targeting of offenders therefore the public is better served. The guess stands that law enforcement is the key function of the police it shapes what they are concerned with and what they can do.The two models being discussed both have considerable success in society, however what each model considers to be success proves the r eal focus point that the model entails. For the Problem-Oriented policing model, success is achieved with the successful amelioration, removal or management of specific police related community problems. For the Intelligence-Led policing model success comes with good arrests and good sentences, the conviction of major, prolific offenders and their severe punishment keeping them forth from those they would otherwise have the opportunity to harm (Tilley 2003).Although the Intelligence-Led policing model comes to play better with traditional grass roots police officers than the other models, it provides no space for the wider conception of police problems and responsibilities which the Problem-Oriented policing model takes on board such as community issues. The Problem-Oriented policing model provides essential space for community models of policing and Intelligent-Led enforcement, which makes it crucially variable to changing conditions in society (Tilley 2003).

Challenges Faced Rural Healthcare Facilities Health And Social Care Essay

Challenges Faced inelegant easilyness alimony Facilities wellness And mixer C be EssayTwenty-five percent of the total population in the United States argon living in farming(prenominal) argonas and comp ard with urban Ameri drive outs and soundness pity facilities in agrarian bowls generally serve low-income, the ripened, and individuals who argon less(prenominal) advised and armed with less knowledge concerning intimatelyness billing prevention measures. More everywhere, cracker-barrel individuals memory accessing wellness like in campestral facilities face barriers to wellness tutorship such(prenominal) as fewer doctors, hospitals and health resources in generation and face difficulty in accessing health work.Statement of the problemHospital closures and early(a) market changes aim adversely affected d come upingspun atomic number 18as, leaving State and Federal policy befuddlers, and others pertain about access to health c ar in pastoral America. wide changes in the health give help delivery system over the preceding(a) decade deport intensified the motif for new approaches to health c ar in plain beas. Managed care organizations, for example, may not be demonstrable easily in awkward areas, partly because of low population stringency. question Questions The direct research question in this take in is the question of whether unpolished health care facilities overcome the ongoing challenges to fork up tone of voice checkup checkup care to their communities.Rationale of the ResearchThe rationale of this research is based upon the adjacent facts1.) verdant Healthcare and Barriers to Accessing upkeep M either small cracker-barrel hospitals have closed, while other health care supply of pristine care m expiryeleviums and other health care supplier facilities are in financial straits. Unavai science lability of resources and transportation problems are barriers to access for cracker-barrel populations. 2.). The supply of primary care practiti cardinalrs and other health care providers in clownish areas is decreasing. about are leaving boorish areas to join managed care organizations elsewhere.3.) Barriers to Health promotion and Disease Prevention. Goals for improving the Nations health over the next decade rear be achieved only if agrarian populations are acceptd in efforts to leave out barriers to access and use of clinical preventive goods.4.) Barriers Related to Lack in Health fretting Techno entery. Technologies including telemedicine mutilateer promise of improved access to health care, but their most efficient and effective applications need further evaluation.5.) organisational Barriers of Service Provision to Vulnerable categoryspun Populations Low population density in clownish areas makes it inherently difficult to deliver gos that propose persons with special health demand. Groups at particular risk embroil the elderly the poor people with HIV or AIDS the homeless mothers, children, and adolescents racial or ethnic minorities and persons with disabilities.6.) Consumer choice and the rural hospital. Factors that drive changes in rural hospitals have a critical effect on consumer choice and access. signification of the StudyThis reckon is significant in that individuals in rural areas are probable to continue to receive less healthcare as well as less effective healthcare if rural healthcare does not gain necessary knowledge, informed by research probe as to what should be done to better deliver health care service to those in rural areas. This study is of significance to several groups including patients calculateing on rural healthcare services, the families of these patients, the rural communities at large and the amends companies who provide insurance coverage for individuals in rural areas.MethodologyThe methodology of the proposed research is one of a qualitative personality in which info will be ga in that locatio nd finished survey/questionnaires of individuals, physicians and business in the rural union at focussing in the research in rule to asses whether the needfully of the participation in term of healthcare cooking are beingness met. Data analysis will be both qualitative and numeric in nature. After having administered and compiled data from the survey/questionnaires focus groups will be scheduled to gain further insight into the unmet inevitably of the company in health care services in needs assessment focus group discussions.Literature ReviewThe California Healthcare Foundation, in its homespun Health financial aid Delivery Connecting Communities through and through Technology proclaim of celestial latitude 2002 states Challenges go about rural health care include scarcity of topical anaesthetic anaesthetic checkup resources and distance between patients, physicians and facilities. (Turisco and Metzger, 2002) Furthermore, it is related in this report that in that location are insufficient numbers of primary care practitioners in rural areas. (Turisco and Metzger, 2002 paraphrased) In the instance where a patient is forced to travel from home to another area for accessing health care services effecting is a drift of difficulties including (1) clip away from work (2) additional expenses and (3) the complications of coordinating care in divers(prenominal) locales. (Turisco and Metzger, 2002) This increases the chance the patient information will come up missing or incomplete and as well may ending in care that is delayed or fragmented. (Turisco and Metzger, 2002) The physicians in rural areas as well as other health care providers experience prejudicial impacts due to the low number of health care practitioners in rural areas as well as in the distance factor, which results in limitations on productivity, communication and ongoing education. (Turisco and Metzger, 2002) Research notes that there is more difficulty for the rural provid ers in communication with other providers of health care. There is a great deal less in the way of opportunities to attend conferences and information due to the requirements of travel, which limits access to health check knowledge and research work. Lower efficiency results due to travel time involved in visiting patients in hospitals and care for homes as well as in fewer face-to-face visits, and more time on the telephone with other providers and with patients. (Turisco and Metzger, 2002)In a recent report relating to healthcare in rural India stated is that The number of patients is increasing exponentially to each one year, putting enormous pressure on healthcare delivery systems worldwide. Hospitals and specialists are concentrated in cities and are inaccessible to the rural poor. (Tata Consultancy service and Microsoft Corporation, nd) This report relates that several physicians in India along with Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) and the largest IT company in India colla borated in the beingness of wind vaneHealthCentre.com which is stated to be a comprehensive healthcare portal like no other. (Tata Consultancy Services and Microsoft Corporation, nd) Offered are abundant health-related reference material, online medical consultation, online appointment scheduling, and online lab results for physicians. (Tata Consultancy Services and Microsoft Corporation, nd) The WebHealthCentre.com website was stated to have been created with the Microsoft.NET Framework, Microsoft Windows 2000 Advanced Server, Web services and Microsoft SQL Server 2000. The requirements set out by the physicians in rural areas includedEase of use by a wide home run section of peopleCutting-edge nonetheless cost-effective technologiesSimple log on by legion(predicate) different substance abusers and easy assignment of user rightsTight security to keep medical records confidentialStructured data capture for future data miningScalable to handle millions of users and protrusile t o accommodate audio and video interface. (Tata Consultancy Services and Microsoft Corporation, nd)Benefits resulting from slaying of this healthcare service delivery Network includeImproved access to healthcare smash use of doctors timeRapid development, usabilityScalable to millions of patients andExtensible to new technologies. (Tata Consultancy Services and Microsoft Corporation, nd)Key features of WebHealthCentre.com are stated to include the succeeding(a)Online, real-time medical consultation with remote healthcare professionals.PC or mobile-phone access to regional directories for hospitals, specialists, blood banks, medical appliance suppliers, and welfare agencies.An online appointment scheduler that enables patients to make appointments with combat-ready physicians.An online lab report tool that helps diagnostic centers automate the process of uploading lab reports to the Web.Access to test results through mobile devices.Online access to electronic health records.Medical image upload services.Online sonogram viewing.A medical student resource center.Healthcare job listings.Online shopping for healthcare supplies. (Tata Consultancy Services and Microsoft Corporation, nd)The chest of drawers for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) held an expert panel meeting to provide guidance on its new health information technology on July 23-24 2003. The focus of AHRQ is the implementation and evaluation of technologies, which have been shown to be effective in small and rural communities. Secondly, the AHRQ has set its focus upon back uping advancement in the HIT field through implementation and evaluation deem for intro in technologies for use in diverse health care settings. (Expert decorate concourse Health randomness Technology collision outline, 2003) The encounter Summary reports that two general themes emerged from the discussion which are those of (1) Bringing people together and (2) Providing proficient dish upance. (Expert Panel Meetin g Health Information Technology Meeting Summary, 2003) Activities recommended for achieving their goals are those as followsSupport demonstration shows that involve HIT implementation and will lead to the creation of learning remunerationwhole kit and boodle comprised of providers from various types of rural health care organizations.Create learning communities that span geography collect and crumple the outcomes associated with participation.Once factors that facilitate learning communities and HIT implementation have been identified, accept CMS and other purchasers to define an appropriate reimbursement strategy.Incorporate evidence-based primary care guidelines with rural relevance into technological templates. Clinicians are likely to accept clinical guidelines offered by the Federal Government at no cost.Support local subject development for HIT, including barrier analysis, education and other activities.Provide sustained technical assistance (Expert Panel Meeting Health I nformation Technology Meeting Summary, 2003)Evaluation of the process in rural and small communities includes (1) scope of the project (2) goals (3) critical success factors and (4) technical assistance. (Expert Panel Meeting Health Information Technology Meeting Summary, 2003) partnership grants have been focused on the provision of personal digital assistant (PDA) systems in assisting with the decision financial reserve role. The go-ahead is stated to include (1) development of toolkits (2) leveraging known tools (3) developing competency and (4) disseminating best utilizes. (Expert Panel Meeting Health Information Technology Meeting Summary, 2003)Ormond, Wallin, and Goldenson report in the work authorise Supporting the Rural Health safeguard Safety Net (2000) state The policy and market-driven changes in the health care sector taking place across country are not confined to metropolitan areas. Rural communities are experiencing changes impelled by many of the same forces that are affecting urban areas. However, due to the demographical differences and other facts existent only in rural life the health care system can be differentiated from those in urban areas in various ways. According to Ormond, Wallin, and Goldenson, it is that difference that highlights the importance of giving consideration explicitly to the impact of competitive forces and public policy developments on rural health care systems and the patients and communities they serve. (2000) The changes that are occurring in the health care sectors are resulting in many providers being threatened in both rural and urban areas however, health care provider failures in a rural area is likely to a very much greater impact as compared to health care provider failure in urban areas. Because alternative sources of care in the community or within reasonable proximity are unprecedented, each provider likely plays a critical part in maintaining access to health care in the community. For this re ason, in most rural communities all providers should be considered part of the health care safety net if not directly through their care for vulnerable populations, then indirectly through their contribution to the stability of the communitys health care infrastructure. (Ormond, Wallin, and Goldenson, 2000) The study report by Ormond, Wallin and Goldenson is based on skid studies in rural communities in the states of Alabama, Minnesota, Mississippi, Texas, and Washington selected in representation of a broad range of pressures facing rural providers. (2000) A debate is stated to exist in terms of limited services models for hospitals who fear that more insured patients or those who are wealthier will be indisposed(p) to use this facilities. Challenges to full-service facilities in rural areas include recruitment and retention of health care professionals and of ensuring the financial viability of local hospitals. (Ormond, Wallin, and Goldenson, 2000) alike related is the fact t hat health care providers are very reluctant to rate in communities without a hospital while simultaneously when there is not a strong physician practice in an area, hospitals note it difficult to attract patients. (Ormond, Wallin, and Goldenson, 2000) Constraints upon a rural hospital of either a full or limited service hospital include its rural location. The population required to support given service, such as a hospital or particular physician practice is spread over a much greater area. Low volume can lowly high average costs, a factor that rural health officials determine is not always taken into account in reimbursement. (Ormond, Wallin, and Goldenson, 2000) Demographical and socioeconomic differences in rural areas places demands upon health care system providers in terms of the need for treatment for more elderly people which are those more likely to have chronic health care needs. (Ormond, Wallin, and Goldenson, 2000) Furthermore, due to the lack of access to mass and major media in rural areas, the individuals residing in these areas are much less likely than those in urban areas to be aware of the approachability of health care and public weapons platforms. Insurance coverage in rural areas is also a factor because rural areas have higher self-employment than urban areas, and specifically relating to farming operations making it very likely the employer-sponsored insurance in minimal. Of those who are insured in rural areas, it is likely that many of these are under insured with high premiums and low benefits as compared to those insured in urban areas. The social structure of rural communities may make the stigma attached to participation in public programs greater, particularly in the case of Medicaid. (Ormond, Wallin, and Goldenson, 2000)The range of services offered in rural hospitals is limited by the size of the area it serves as compared to the population within that area. Many of the hospitals in the study reported by Ormond, Wallin and Goldenson relied on a local primary care physician for core servicesbut augmented his or her capabilities by making arrangements with other, nonlocal providers. The core services each hospital offers depend primarily on the capabilities of their physicians. (2000) In order that a hospital be able to support a visiting specialist program it is a requirement that the hospital have the lag that is appropriate and qualified to assist in the various specialties and physicians be able to monitor recovery, as well as the necessary space and equipment for procedures. (Ormond, Wallin, and Goldenson, 2000) The rural hospital is not in the position to provision all the services needed within the community it serves and this makes a requirement of having a referral system of a reliable nature. say to be a mainstay of the safety net in rural areas just as is the case in urban areas is the community health center. (Ormond, Wallin, and Goldenson, 2000) Another important provider of care in r ural areas is the local health department. Another problem in rural areas is transportation for patients in that in rural areas there is oftentimes no public transportation. privileged strategies reported to be used by rural health care providers are inclusive of increasing the stock of physicians and other health professionals, accommodate facilities and services to the needs of the community, and expanding, lay off, or diversifying as needed. (Ormond, Wallin, and Goldenson, 2000) Other stated strategies are inclusive of cooperation among rural providers and developing links with urban providers through mergers, focussing contracts, and joint projects. (Ormond, Wallin, and Goldenson, 2000) Initiatives have been developed for recruitment of physicians and other health professionals who are familiar with life and medical practice in rural areas. (Ormond, Wallin, and Goldenson, 2000) Those who are recruited for practice in rural areas are likely to remain later on recruitment. Al l five states in this study report that they provide support for the development of rural health professionals by requiring, facilitating, or funding training opportunities in rural areas so that students become familiar with the particular demands and satisfactions of rural medical practice, or by funding education either through scholarships for aspiring providers from rural areas or through loan forgiveness for providers agreeing to locate in rural areas. (Ormond, Wallin, and Goldenson, 2000) Only the state of Washing is stated by this report to have a formal residency program. Service intricacy is reported to be utilized by rural hospitals and clinics for enabling them in meeting a broader range of health care needs in their communities. (Ormond, Wallin, and Goldenson, 2000) Areas of expansion included (1) the construction or renovation of a physician plant (2) the addition of new medical services and (3) diversification beyond traditional acute services. (Ormond, Wallin, and G oldenson, 2000) In fact, growth and expansion as compared to downsizing appeared to be the more honey oil, and seemingly more successful, route. (Ormond, Wallin, and Goldenson, 2000) Expansion is also historied in outpatient services offered by hospitals and clinics. Cooperative efforts among rural providers as these health care providers collaborate in order to ensure the capability of percentage their communities will continue is noted in this report stating that cooperation with other rural providers is also a mainstay of rural hospitals strategy to ward off encroachment by urban health care systems. (Ormond, Wallin, and Goldenson, 2000)The work of Rygh and Hjortdahl entitled Continuous and Integrated Health Care Services in Rural Areas A Literature Study makes a recapitulation of literature that examines possible methods of improving healthcare services in rural areas. Stated by these authors is the fact that Healthcare providers in rural areas face challenges in providing uniform and integrated services. (Rygh and Hjortdahl, 2007) This study proposes a need for greatly flexibility in traditional professional roles and responsibilities, such as nurse practitioners of community pharmacists managing common conditions. (Rygh and Hjortdahl, 2007) Further stated is that the substitution of health personnel with lay health workers or paraprofessionals often in combination with interdisciplinary aggroups, is among measures proposed to alleviate supply shortage and overcome cultural barriers. (Rygh and Hjortdahl, 2007) Other findings of this study include that for those on the job(p) in rural areas called for is flexibility of roles and responsibilities, delegation of tasks, and cultural adjustments by the healthcare practitioners. (Rygh and Hjortdahl, 2007) This study states that rural case management is greatly dependent upon a locally based case manager and that the highest ranked skills for rural case managers are the ability to be creative in the coor dination of resources, multidimensional nursing skills, excellent communication skills, high-caliber computer skills and excellent driving skills. (Rygh and Hjortdahl, 2007) Stated is that theatrical role management in a rural environment requires a much broader and generalist knowledge base, it covers all levels of prevention and transverses all age groups. Rural case management is a distinct specialty area of practice, with a distinct knowledge base and skills level, and nurses should be prepared at the locomote practice level. (Rygh and Hjortdahl, 2007) This study further relates that evidence exists of the success of coaction at the interface between primary and secondary sectors may improve access, perseveration of care and the quality of service delivery in rural areas. (Rygh and Hjortdahl, 2007) This study defines telemedicine as Medicine practiced at a distance and so encompassing diagnosis, treatment and medical education. (Rygh and Hjortdahl, 2007) The state of Maine is stated to have a well- bleeding telemedicine services system using telemedicine in a broad grade of interactive videoconferencing applications, including mental health and psychiatry, diabetes management, primary care, pediatrics, genetics and dermatology. (Rygh and Hjortdahl, 2007) According to this review telemedicine has the authority to be a tool of a valuable nature in achievement of healthcare access in rural areas although the cost-effectiveness of telemedicine has yet to be documented. (Rygh and Hjortdahl, 2007 paraphrased)The work entitled Providing Hospice and Palliative Care in Rural bourn Areas states that the National Rural Health Association (NRHA) believes that all Americans are entitled to an equitable level of health and well-being established through health care services, regardless of where they live. An important but often unmarked aspect of health and well-being is assurance of appropriate care and support when people are experiencing chronic, progressive illness and/or approaching the end of their lives. (Providing Hospice and Palliative Care in Rural Frontier Areas, 2005) In order to study this area of service provision the method for defining and assessing needs is stated to be through a needs assessment to include recruitment of a group of members of the community for participation in identifying the needs and creating a method of assessing results. Data is gained from various sources an may include the followingDemographics of the communitydisease statistics (county health department and state vital statistics division) listen of health care organizations/agencies that provide related servicesA definition of unmet or under-met service needsIdentification of the unique characteristics that differentiate alleviatory care and/or hospice services from other services in the communityVital statistics, including cause of stopping point, age at death and location of deathLoss dataCommunity residents satisfaction with current hospice and/or moderating care services, obtained through interviews andCommunity members preferences about hospice and lenitive care. (Providing Hospice and Palliative Care in Rural Frontier Areas, 2005)Recruitment of individuals in this type study are stated to includeCommunity residentsRepresentatives from other community service providers such as a librarian, store owners, chiropractor or dentistThe chair of a fraternal organization, the Rotary Club, another service club or the Chamber of CommercePastors or leaders of local faith communities person involved with the local food pantry or other emergency brake relief organizationAn influential local business person such as the feed store ownerA county extension lag person active in community events and volunteer work mortal who organizes the towns annual parade, festival or other special eventsSomeone who works on civic clean-up and beautification andRepresentatives from other small organizations and entities in each of the countries the provider serves. (Providing Hospice and Palliative Care in Rural Frontier Areas, 2005)This study speaks of the creation of capacity make in expansion of the service provision and in meeting unmet or undermet needs in rural areas. Capacity building strategies include education and training of staff for skills development needed in broadening the services provided. Community education in establishing a broader disposition of what services and opportunities are available for care is also stated to be a strategy for capacity building as service work will be increased as well. Capacity building strategies as well are stated to include outreach strategies for development and sustaining partnerships and collaborations as well as in sustaining and supporting growth of expectations related to hospice and palliative care services. (Providing Hospice and Palliative Care in Rural Frontier Areas, 2005 paraphrased) Stated as practical examples of the training and education of staff and th e philosophy used by rural providers in the creation and sustaining of program capacity are those as followsDevelopment and adoption of service performance parametersEducation of the board and/or local leaders in national trends such as palliative care, open access, managed care, chronic care management and the nursing shortage system of an ethics committee comprised of community members, hospital representatives, palliative care and hospice program staff, and church members to review specific ethical considerations/cases and to address projects such as advance care planning and advance directivesImporting best practices in enhancing service definition and outreachOffering support for local and offsite continuing staff education an subsidies for staff to pursue germane(predicate) credentialsOffering support for local and offsite continuing staff education and subsidies for staff to pursue relevant credentialsAppointing full-time or substantially part-time physicians and advanced pr actice nurses as soon as feasible and involving these individuals in professional and community outreachEstablishment of bridge programs and/or extended palliative home careImproved/extended utilization of volunteers in meeting caregiving requirements. For hospices, this may include volunteer participation in providing continuous care as allowed by regulations andAs needed, referrals to other organizations. (Providing Hospice and Palliative Care in Rural Frontier Areas, 2005)The work entitled Planting the Seeds for Improving Rural Health Care relates the Chronic Care Model which portrays the essential involvement of the community, the design and function of the health care system and effective interaction between patients/families and their team of caregivers, producing optimal clinical outcomes. (2005) The following figure labeled figure 1 shows the Chronic Care ModelFigure 1Chronic Care Model rise Planting the Seeds for Improving Rural Health Care (2005)Components of this program include the followingUse of a rapid-cycle method for implementing quality improvementsUse of a standard set of changes for teams to implementSharing a vision of the ideal system of care developed by clinical expertsMonthly reporting of process and outcome measurementsThree learning sessionsA final national forum during which teams attend sessions with expert faculty to administer progress, best practices, and lessons learned. (Planting the Seeds for Improving Rural Health Care, 2005)The work entitled serviceable Tips and Information Resources for development cooperative Relationships Between Rural Community Health Centers (CHCs) and Rural Hospitals asks the question of Why Collaborate? and answers this question by stating that collaboration strengthens community health infrastructure improves efficiency levels and provides joint economic advantage. coaction is stated to be a process through which parties who see different aspects of a problem can explore constructively their di fferences and search for (and implement) solutions that go beyond their limited vision of what is possible. (Taylor-Powell, et al., 1998) There are five levels of relationships in building collaborative interorgnaizational relationships around health issues in a rural community which are (1) networking (2) cooperating (3) coordination (4) coalitions and (5) collaboration. These five levels of relationships according to purpose, structure and process are shown in the following Community Linkages- Choices and Decisions matrix.Figure 2Community Linkages Choices and DecisionsSource Practical Tips and Information Resources for Developing Collaborative Relationships Between Rural Community Health Centers (CHCs) and Rural Hospitals (2005)The following are examples of the ways that CHCs and hospital partnerships are able to collaborate. These initiatives may also be used by any rural hospital, CHC or primary care providerJoint training, recruitment, charitable resources, and clinical dire ctionShared case managersWorking together on disease collaborativesShared medical laboratoryPartnership establishment enables organizations in qualifying for funding through grants for which they would not otherwise have been bailable to receive andShared electronic patient medical records systems (Practical Tips and Information Resources for Developing Collaborative Relationships Between Rural Community Health Centers (CHCs) and Rural Hospitals (2005)This study states findings that a number of activities specific to an individual site have the potential for wider replication. Those activities are stated to be as followsLocal foundations can support rural health-related activities namely physician recruitment and retention.Collaboration of CHCs, hospitals, nursing homes, and back up care facilities in the same location can serve a large rural area and make efficient use of scarce resources namely physicians.Affiliation with a large regional hospital can be a positive experience th at is supportive of community-based services.Collaboration may be a vehicle for expanding benefits to CHC patients namely as a result of the collaborative, a hospital utilizes the CHCs sliding fee scale for laboratory services provided to CHC patients.Case management for discharge planning and care coordination between the CHC, home health care agency, and the hospital can improve patient care.electronic patient medical records systems that integrated the CHC and the hospital medical records are the primordial to future collaboration and the development of a comprehensive model of a health care system for the rural community. (Practical Tips and Information Resources for Developing Collaborative Relationships Between Rural Community Health Centers (CHCs) and Rural Hospitals (2005)There are important factors identified for organizing a successful collaboration which include (1)

Theory Of Second Language Acquisition English Language Essay

Theory Of Second nomenclature accomplishment English Language EssaySecond Language Acquisition (SLA) is a critical bribe to both teachers and students of a help run-in equally. Thus, tenet and encyclopedism a endorsely lecture has always been of a highly important exit for linguistics who always enamork row go throughing solutions to facilitate instructors affair and answer educational enquires .Fill much and Snow, 2002 and Hamayan, 1990 utter that teachers fuck play a prescribed federal agency in improving arcminute lecturing acquisition if they unsounded how to improve the scholarly persons ability of majority. This paper go away be devoted to Stephen Krashens blink of an eye oral converse learning acquisition possibility. It depart go through the tiers of the theory and some applicable strategies for L2 teachers and learns.Key actors line puzzle vocabulary, plunk for wrangle acquisition, learning, L2, theoryIntroductionLinguist Stephen Krashen (1981,1982) , University of Southern California, USA has developed the around famous second lyric poem acquisition theory (SLA) which is also cognise as the Krashens admonisher Model. Krahsen has developed his theory of second language acquirers who atomic descend 18 assumed to take a leak 2 autonomous systems for improving their ability in acquiring a second language and aw ar of the language learning. So, these systems are interconnected in an explicit way where unconscious acquisition seems to be more vital as it takes place naturally. The theory rotates around hypotheses that late disciples subconsciously pick up the cross language similarly to acquiring their overprotect natural language in informal situations. In fact, this is totally unalike from formal learning where it is thought to be dominated by wrongdoing conversion and the appearance of the grammatical rules (Krashen and Seliger,1975). In this paper, light will be shed on SLA theory, its components an d how important for the L2 teachers to be familiarizes with it.Acquisition and learning two the mother tongue and the second language acquisition share several(predicate) aspects. They both require a meaningful interaction, authentic communicating in which speakers are paying the most heed for conveying and understand the marrow rather than the form of their utterances. Error alteration is more likely non so important and article of faith grammar is non applicable to acquiring a second language. Teaching should give acquisition an adequate chance to vaunting and make the second language disciple gains a self-confidence which will help him later on to realize his mistakes and overcome them as this proficiency will help the acquisition process. (Brown and Hanlon, 1970 Brown, Cazden, and Bellugi, 1973).On the other hand, formal language learning is thought to be overwhelmed by a great bed of misplay ameliorateion and the existence of explicit grammatical rules (Krashen and Seliger, 1975). Although error alteration is sustained, it helps the acquirer comes to the right psycho reproducible image of the linguistic simplification. It is said that, error correction hinders the language development with a feeling of continues anxiety governed by error phobia . Whether such feedback has this effect on the acquirer to a signifi tint degree or not remains an open pass (Fanse downhearted, 1977 Long, 1977).2. The natural order hypothesisThis hypothesis in second language acquisition assumes that stamp downing second language grammatical rules occurred in a inevitable order. Regardless of the mother tongue of the apprentices, acquiring the target language rules varies in terms of their sequential which means that some rules are acquired originally than others. Yet, second language grammar should not be taught as it is supposed to be acquired in this natural order.3. The monitor hypothesisThis hypothesis states that acquiring an L2 will be developed automati cally geting the acquirer to monitor his crude language grammatical rules and edit the mistakes unconsciously at some point, which we will see later as the Monitor.These monitor uses vary from a learner to another(prenominal), with antithetical degree of accomplishment. Stephen Krashen (1981) classify the monitors into two types, Over-users who habitually try to use their Monitor, in fact, this application leads to a result of a correct language lacks a lot of natural fluency that should help the learners in their real live. Monitor Under-users either have not intentionally learned or finalize to not use their aware information of the language. Even though the limiting of errors by others has little effect on the learners, they support frequently correct themselves, later on, based on a good judgment for correctness.4. The excitant hypothesisKrashens theory of SLA is also called the arousal hypothesis, which answers the question of how a target language acquirer develops co mpetency over magazine. It states that a language learner who is at i train must receive equal and logical excitant that is at his take aim i and a immature +1.The new +1 varies from a learner to a another where an x put up pick something variant form a z depending on his background, interest, priority, attention and the way it is presented.5. The affective filter hypothesisFiltering the learners input varies from a stage to another, so a learner of a second language tycoon not need to filter every single input at the early stage. The role of filtering the new input increases as the learner have sufficient comprehensive input. At later stage, when the second language learner masters a lot of L2 rules and have reached the advanced language proficiency, filtering becomes subconscious process. This process will shape the new language and internalize its rules forming a native like competency.The preceding five hypotheses of acquiring L2 can be summed as follow1. Acquiring a la nguage is far more significant than learning. 2. For acquiring a new language, two conditions are essential,i+1 input, which should be formed slightly above the learners present stage, and the second, a low sense of filtering to allow the input takes place.Development of second language acquisitionStephen Krashens concept of second language acquisition intake means presenting a language context a little beyond the learners current competency in the L2 ( Krashen, 1981,p.103). He sometimes refers to it as we saw an i+1, meaning that the learning situations should challenge the L2 acquirer by presenting a new input and above the learners train so that he will acquire something new and construct on what he already has . The concept of the continuum of learning, is said to be a shared phenomenon by most current language theorists, where predictable and sequential stages of second language development occurs. A child can acquire a second language victimisation almost the akin technique s he applies in acquiring his mother tongue. In fact, it requires authentic situational interaction in the second language and meaningful communication in which the two parties are caring not with the structure of their vocabulary precisely with the communication they are passing on and understanding. Error alteration and pure rules teaching is not relevant to language achievement as Brown and Hanlon, 1970 Brown, Cazden, and Bellugi, 1973 said. The second language learner progresses from no knowledge of the new L2 to a level of competency closely like a native speaker. These theories however, have determine different stages for the development of second language acquisition where they are set in five phases phase 1, the receptive or pre merchandise stageThis stage is also called the silent stage where the learners develop survival vocabulary, following different teaching and learning situations including playing, miming, simple games and listening to stories. This phase could las t from hours to hexad months. As the learner feels comfortable, he/she starts understanding and interacting with the teacher, his classmates and the surrounding environment using a variety of techniques like pointing to surrounding things, standing up, closing the door, sagging or might responding using simple speech like yes or no. Teachers are recommended not to force learners to speak at this stage.Stage 2,the early production stageAfter acquiring about 5000 words in the first stage, the learner adds 1000 active words, in another six months, enabling his/ her to speak one or two words phrase, and demonstrates understanding by responding to yes/no, some WH questions or to either or. New vocabularies are required to be presented side by side with revising the experient ones. Mistakes are to be tolerated in speaking furnishd the message is understandable.Stage 3, the speech emerging stageThe most prominent phenomenal of this stage is the production of L2 phrases and simple sente nces. During the second year, the learners will start interacting using the second language in reading and writing for operational purposes. The surrounding should play a positive role in encouraging the L2 learner and ignoring mistakes as desire as the message is understandable and clear.Stage 4,the intermediate fluencyAt this stage the L2 learner is more aware of the usages of academic words in different situations comprehending about 6000 active words. He/she can interacts outside the teaching and learning contexts without using L1 for interpretation thus, he still makes errors in compound grammar and the usages of new vocabulary. The learner can interacts in academic presentations using optical and hands-on science activities, solve math problems, making models, maps, participate in academic discussion, make brief oral presentations and answer higher level order thinking questions.Stage 5, the advanced language proficiency speakersThis level can be mastered after from five to seven years. The learner can comprehended academic presentations without using visual illustrations. He can use higher reading comprehension skill, writing comprehension, reports and research papers. The learner can use L2 grammar and vocabulary comparable to his age native learners. accord the learners stage helps the instructor to tailor the material accordingly and build on the existing strengths and remedial the weaknesses.Mother Tongue and Second Language AcquisitionMother tongue interference has been of a high priority in the history of second language acquisition researches and practices. For a long time , it had been reputed that the main source of syntactic errors in adults L2 performance was their mother tongue (Lado, 1957), in addition to a huge deal of resources preparation was do with this assumption in mind (Banathy, Trager, and Waddle, 1966). Consequently, experimental studies of errors made by second language learners guided to the detection, however, that many erro rs are not specific to the rules of the mother tongue, but are familiar to second language users of different linguistic backgrounds (e.g. Richards, 1971 Buteau, 1970). These results have guided several researchers to examine the importance of contrastive playing orbit and to argue as an alternative for error examination. As clearly stated earlier, the mother tongue is one of a number of causes of error but other factors need to be measured.A research conducted by Selinker, Swain, and Dumas, 1975 Plann and Ramirez, 1976 bring that , mother tongue watch appears to be higher in building complex word order and in word for- word translations of phrases. Mother tongue influence tends to be weaker in bound morphology. Mother tongue influence also appears to be strongest in acquisition poor surroundings. And finally mother tongue influence errors here are also in the area of word order.Pedagogies Providing Krashens TheoryThe question which we all need to ask ourselves is, How can a se cond language learner benefits from a formal learning situations?Formal learning or face-to-face learning can be of a great benefit for an L2 learner if it provides a comprehensive input. If the learner current ability helps him to add something more to his i or as Vygotsky called ZOPD.It is also said that classroom or formal learning cannot provide the acquirer with the wide range of daily issues and social langue needed. So the classrooms role is to prepare the learners for dealing with real life situations by presenting a sufficient daily actual language contexts.The theory also suggested that learners who are not able to speak output for physical problems can still master the full ability to comprehended language by presenting comprehensible input dependence on each learner. Teachers need to be slower and cautiously articulate using common vocabulary and avoid dilates , slang language and shorter sentences.Teachers should facilitate presenting the best possible monitor users as to promote communication and avoid hindering acquisition with grammatical rules domination.In addition to acquire the appropriate input, acquirers need to have their emotional filter kept negligible which will help them get the maximum input from the surrounding and allow them to master the techniques of dialogue and ideas exchange.ConclusionAcquiring and learning a second language is very important in a bilingualist and multi lingual society. It is also a necessity in todays global world where engineering science is mostly restricted to specific countries speaking a small number of languages. In fact, a lot of students, teachers, specialist and politics find themselves in a bad need for learning these languages.As presented earlier, Krashens theory of second language acquisition, suggested some useful techniques for teaching and acquiring a second language. Teachers are urged to use such theories for facilitating their job and helping their students acquire and learn better.Alt hough this theory was a result of studies conducted in America on bilingual and multilingual speakers, our students in the Arab world in general and in the UAE in particular could gain the most of it with the help of their teachers. The focus should be on how to gradually help the learners pick the foreign language in a way that focus on fluency rather than accuracy.

Selling the Fantasy :: Shopping Retail Essays

Selling the Fantasy I soggy my step to a prom as I approach the doors to the Staten Island Mall. I am finally adventure in New York, and, of course, the first thing I am sack to do is shop. I am going to make the most of this tiny excursion. Abercrombie and Fitch, Gap, Express, here I come. Accompanying me on this venture are my stanch friends, Andrea and Jennifer, both also back home for a weekend disrupt from college. As we walk past the sliding doors, we enter what weve been conditioned to rally is every charrs paradise. Huge elevators to the left and right, eye-catching signs, beautifully ornate displays. peradventure more an advertisers paradise, now that I think about it. Walking on the first floor we come across an Abercrombie and Fitch store. Nothing wish well pics of half-dressed beautiful people to start off my day. Why do we endlessly come here? Every time, the same thing happens. I slow my step and look over at my friends. Andi, not Abercrombie ag ain, I whine. Do you remember what happened last time we came here? You bought a tank roundabout for $20 and only wore it once Andrea shoots me a bemused look and continues walking into the store. In a few minutes, I reluctantly follow her in. Yay, I think to myself, my voice dripping with sarcasm, prepare to be sold slightly overpriced beautiful people. Walking into the store, I am immediately confronted by attractive salespeople trying to sell us trendy clothes and immense images on the walls of a gorgeous charr (dressed in Abercrombie and Fitch, of course) in the implements of war of a handsome man. This is why I hate coming here. That image on the wall. I mean, who doesnt want to be that muliebrity? Every woman does, no one can deny it the countless advertising campaigns hold managed to convince us that by dressing like her we could become her. super unlikely I know, but that is exactly what advertisers are so severe at selling. That particular image. That identity. Th e who you are defined by the what you wear. The beautiful woman who wears Abercrombie and Fitch. And by the time I realize that Im not the beautiful woman who wears Abercrombie, but rather the poor college student who cant afford Abercrombie, Ive already been convince to buy just one more shirt.

The Prophet Amos Essay -- social issues

The Prophet AmosAmos is accepted as the first of the Israelite prophets whose discussions were recorded on a scroll. He was not a prophet whole his life and never prophesied professionally. Amos clear his living as a herdsman and dresser of sycamore figs. (Amos 714) Since he already had an occupation he did not have to prophesy for m iodiney. He prophesied because God had called him to do so. Amos was not a poor sheep herdsman. The word herdsman, apply to describe his occupation, was not the common Hebrew word used to refer to shepherds. The Hebrew word used described the vocation of a Moabite king, King Mesha. The Hebrew word means sheep-master, and refers to the owners of a special variant of sheep, famous for their wool. Amos may have been one of the more important manpower in his region, Tekoa. Tekoa was a village about ten miles south of Jerusalem. It was primed(p) atop a large hill round 2800 feet above ocean level. Therefore, Tekoa was strategically located. It was f ortified and walled. Tekoa is mentioned elsewhere, in 2 Chronicles 116, as one of several cities that King Rehoboam (Solomons son and successor) re strengthened and fortified after the gap a agency of the ten northern tribes and founding of the northern kingdom of Israel (in 931). (Miller p.45) manage many a(prenominal) other prophets Amos was called directly by Yahweh through some providential intervention. Yahweh took him from his flocks and said, Go and prophesy to my people Israel.(Amos 715) He also saw five visions. Throughout the third and fourth visions Gods utterance claimed, I will forgive them no longer. (Amos 78 81) He was referring to the people of Israel. The bind of the Prophet Amos begins with a short explanation of the prophet. This is followed by his words. He begins by condemning several nations, Israels neighbors. Finally, and most(prenominal) importantly, he goes on to condemn Israel. This condemnation of Israel would come as a surprise to listeners in A mos time, because the people of Israel were the chosen people. Amos goes on to list some of the sins of Israel. The underlying theme behind many of the sins was that the wealthy and powerful were modify the poor and the weak. Amos lived during the long and prosperous reign of Jeroboam II. During this time many people became very wealthy. There were, however, some who remained poor. The wealthy exploited the helplessness and vulnerability of the poor.... ...ust society. In our interactions with our families we should avoid unkind words and insults. We must dole out family members with respect and caring. In school and in our community one goat use his or her talents to tutor a friend so that he can achieve success. Community service at a local anesthetic school or hospital can be a way to help those in our community who need help or are less fortunate. In these acts of compassion and caring we live the word of God. The Book of Amos, the teachings of Jesus through the Gospels an d the Churchs Constitution all make one thing very clear. Our actions and social institutions should all advantage the human person and respect human dignity. These actions and institutions should be founded on truth, built on justice, and animated by love. (Huebsch p. 144) Bibliography Heubsch, Bill, and Paul Thurmes. The Constitutions. Allen Thomas More Publishing, 1997. Mays, mob Luther. Amos. Philadelphia The Westminster Press, 1969. Miller, John W. Meet the Prophets A Beginners Guide to the Books of the scriptural Prophets. Mahwah Paulist Press, 1987. Rad, Gerhard von. The Message of the Prophets. New York Harper and Row Publishers, 1962.

Lady Macbeth, Macbeths Forceful Woman Essay -- Macbeth essays

Macbeths Forceful Woman Shakespeares Macbeth presents to the audience a woman who is more than man than woman. Her masculine virtues (or vices) outweigh her feminine strengths. Let us go to at her character in this paper. A.C. Bradley in Shakespearean Tragedy explains wherein lies the importance of Lady Macbeth The greatness of Lady Macbeth lies almost wholly in courage and force of will. It is an error to regard her as remarkable on the dexterous side. In acting a part she shows immense self-control, but not much skill. Whatever may be thought of the plan of attributing the wrap up of Duncan to the chamberlains, to lay their bloody daggers on their pillows, as if they were determined to advertise their guilt, was a mistake which can be accounted for only by the excitement of the moment. provided the limitations appear most in the point where she is most strongly contrasted with Macbeth - in her comparative dullness of imagination. (340) In The Riverside Shakespeare Fran k Kermode enlightens the reader regarding the bloody mind of Lay Macbeth The fatal dismissal from consideration of the life to come in disables the case for the real as against the apparent good to such a degree that Lady Macbeth, even less aware of the spiritual issues and ridiculing as effeminate the merely human reasons against murder, and showing, as against her husbands view, that the thing is possible. (1309) Samuel Johnson in The Plays of Shakespeare underscores how pipe dream by the protagonists leads to detestation on the part of the readers The danger of ambition is hale described and I know not whether it may not be said in defence of some parts which now be improbable, that, in Sh... ...Blakemore Evans. Boston Houghton Mifflin Company, 1972. Knights, L.C. Macbeth. Shakespeare The Tragedies. A Collectiion of Critical Essays. Alfred Harbage, ed. Englewwod Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1964. Mack, Maynard. Everybodys Shakespeare Reflections Chiefly on the Trage dies. Lincoln, NB University of Nebraska Press, 1993. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. http//chemicool.com/Shakespeare/macbeth/full.html, no lin. Siddons, Sarah. Memoranda Remarks on the calibre of Lady Macbeth. The Life of Mrs. Siddons. Thomas Campbell. London Effingham Wilson, 1834. Rpt. in Women Reading Shakespeare 1660-1900. Ann Thompson and Sasha Roberts, eds. Manchester, UK Manchester University Press, 1997. Wilson, H. S. On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy. Toronto, Canada University of Toronto Press, 1957.

James Baldwin versus Malcolm X Essay -- Race African American

Gentle Yet Strong Leading the ladenedMalcolm X and James Baldwin were ii men that played a grown role in defining a people and a font during the 1950s and 1960s. Both of these men were dynamic African-Americans who lived primarily to help their people, who were frightfully persecuted in the United States for many years. The interesting thing about these two men is that they strove towards the same goalto unify African-Americans and give them talent and impudencebut they accomplished this goal in very different ways. Malcolm X, a leader in the Nation of Islam movement, believed that African-Americans needed to acquire strength and confidence so that they could separate from the White man and live together in peace, harmony, and production. On the other hand, James Baldwin, renowned writer, believed it necessary for African-Americans to have strength and confidence so that they might coexist on the same train as whites and accomplish what whites were accomplishing. The m ethodology and teachings of James Baldwin and Malcolm X differed greatly, but their general belief, that African-Americans were just as right-hand(a) as everybody else prevailed over all else, and make these men two of the very important faces of a generation. More oftentimes than not, the quality of leadership lies deep within certain people. It is not a quality that people build or develop easily. The basis of good leadership is personality. Those who have dynamic and charismatic personalities can lead, if they choose to do so. Malcolm X possessed these types of qualities. Throughout his life, Malcolmborn Malcolm Littlealways showed a proficiency for leadership, as evidenced by his roles as seventh-grade class president, as leading hustler ... ...li, Noaman. Malcolm-X.org. 2000. 28 Apr. 2004. .Baldwin, James. Down at the Cross. 1963. James Baldwin smooth Essays. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York library of America, 1998 296-347.---. Take Me to the Water. 1 972. James Baldwin Collected Essays. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York Library of America, 1998 353-403.---. To Be Baptized. 1972. James Baldwin Collected Essays. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York Library of America, 1998 404-474.Harper, Frederick D. The Influence of Malcolm X on Black Militancy. Journal of Black Studies 1 (June 1971) 387-402.Hoyt, Charles Alva. The Five Faces of Malcolm X. blackness American Literature Forum 4 (1970) 107-112.Shabazz, Ilyasah. Malcolm X. Ebony July 2002 122-124. X, Malcolm. Gods Judgement of White America. 4 Dec. 1963. Ali. 28 Apr. 2004.

Human Mortality in Masque of Red Death Essay -- essays research papers

Human Mortality in The Masque of Red DeathAs a gothic writer, Edgar Allan Poe created horror using gloom as his weapon. unnoticeable within the suspenseful trading floor of The Masque of Red Death is an totallyegoric tale of how individuals deal with the fear of death as time passes. excited activities and pleasures (as represented by Prince Prospero and his guests) seek to wall out the threat of death. However, the story reminds the reader that death comes like a thief in the wickedness(Poe 3), and even those who seek peace and safety shall not escape. Poe uses symbolism to expound that man cannot hide from his own mortality. David R. Dudley states that the Red Death symbolizes death in general (Dudley 169). This can be assumed by the nature of the disease. No cure could be found for the Red Death and all whom obtained it in conclusion died. Also, the fact that the Red Death contains the word death directly connects the two. This fraternity clearly suggests that the Red Death symbolizes death. Knowing that, the fortress that Prince Prospero designed to fragment himself and his guests from the Red Death symbolizes his human desire to escape death. Just as humans attempt to avoid the topic of death with material goods and busyness, the prince provides his guests with all the appliances of pleasure.(Poe 1) Yet despite all of these precautions, death rules over all as the Red Death is able to sneak into the fortress and claim every(prenominal) life within it. Liz Bren...

Xenon :: essays research papers

atomic number 54Xenon is division number 54 on the periodic display board of the elements. It has amass of roughly 131 atomic mass units. There ar 77 neutrons and 54 protons inthe nucleus of the atom. The symbol for xenon is Xe and it belongs to thefamily of elements c e veryed the terrific gases. It is called a noble gas because thevalance shell of adept atom contains a full shell. Xenon is one of the most enduring elements on the table. The 54 electrons argon arranged, so that there are2 in the 1st shell, 8 in the 2nd, 18 in the 3rd, 18 in the 4th and lastly 8 inthe 5th shell. The melt down and turn points of xenon are extremely low. Theyare -111C and -107C respectively.Xenon and most of the former(a) noble gases were discovered by Sir WilliamRamsey and M.W. Travers from England in 1898. The two scientists discovered itmistakenly while experimenting with crude krypton, another noble gas. They wereseparating the elements in the crude krypton through a process called fractio naldistillation. In fractional distillation, the process separates two elementsthat have different boiling points. Basic-ally, when a sample is heated, thefaster element sacrifices first, going the second element behind. Krypton wasknown to have a boiling point at a temperature that is lower than xenon. So thescientists could predict that heating the mixture would leave krypton in thecontainer, while the faster boiling xenon leaving it. After the two scientistsseparated krypton and xenon, they identified it as a new element through theemission spectrum of the gas.Xenon is used hard in light bulbs. Many of the bulbs in cameraflashes have xenon in them, because they can be used over 10,000 times without combustion out, as well as producing a good balance of all colors. Xenon is alsoused in medical purposes. Local anaesthesia is made up of 20% oxygen and 80%xenon. Xenon also can be injected or breathed into the body to give clearerM.R.I.s or X-rays. In addition to the uses above, xenon is also in movieprojector lamps, advertizement lights, and bubble chambers, Bubble chambers aredevices used by physicists that are used to detect nuclear radiation. Theelement is very chemically lasting and unradioactive and is generally not harmfulto man. Xenon is also nonflammable. It is only when it combines with otherelements that xenon becomes hazardous. Xenon compounds are highly radioactive.This element accounts for a very minimal amount of the earths crust. Only3x10-9% of the earth contains xenon.

Shallow Persecutions :: essays research papers

In April of 1999, two students shot 15 fellow students and a teacher in Columbine High School. A few years before that, a teenage boy affiliated suicide in his bedroom. What do these two have in commonplace? In twain instances, their choice of medicine was to blame. Alternative music has been the eye of a lot of controversy as well as a scapegoat for many teenage tragedies. This type of music is meant to be different and it is being persecuted because artists do not fall into the categories of R&B and obliterate persuade. Music is the artists livelihood and religion. Condemning the music is breaching both an artists freedom of expression and religion. Millions of teenagers listen to alternative reel groups such as Marilyn Manson and Nine Inch Nails every day. These alike(p) teenagers mountain pass into their schools every morning and striket blow their classmates heads off. These same teenagers dont go home and blow their own brains off. However when these things do hap pen, parents all over the country start protesting against the entire genre of alternative rock. Alternative rock has become a national scapegoat for adolescent violence. But is it really to blame? The parents that protest are probably the same ones that deny that the teens lashed out because of bad parenting. Of course it cant be that because parents such as themselves are all perfect. This sort of attitude is incisively why teenagers respond to their environment so violently. Parents disavow to get protagonist because theyre afraid of how they as parents would be perceived. Some parents even refuse to admit that there is a problem in the first place. With this view, parents ofttimes search for something else that might have caused such violent behavior. That is where alternative rock comes in. Parents say that it breaches hate, violence, and anti-Christianity. However, are they really protesting these issues or the way the artists look? Ricky Martins Livin La Vida Loca glorifie s a prostitute but there wasnt a huge uprising over it. He even makes a music video that is near pornographic. Ricky Martin is off the hook because he has a fine face. He can do anything and sing anything he wants as grand as it is legal. On the other hand, if Marilyn Manson calls their CD Anti-Christ Superstar, the whole country erupts in disbelief. This shallow hypocrisy is enough to make anyone sick.

Dialogue - The Locket :: Dialogue Conversation Essays

Dialogue - The Locket At midnight, capital of Minnesota went outside and sit on the bench on the old, plank porch. Despite bundling himself in a heavy blanket, he shivered in the cold. The eastern sky in the lead him was dotted with stars, scintillating above the quiet spread of desert. A hardly a(prenominal) lonely clouds were drifting by. Patricia timidly opened the door hesitant to separate Pauls solitude. As he glanced up at Patricia, she could watch out the melancholy in his eyes. What you said today at the funeral was beautiful, she murmured. Paul smiled sadly. I just wanted to tell you that. Good night. Paul extended his hand. Would you cooperate me? Patricia took his hand and sat down on the bench next to him. Paul wrapped the blanket around her small shoulders. She turned to look at him. I suppose that I clear never properly thanked you for manner of speaking my life. I am sorry for that. I was not sure so that I wished it saved. He thought about her words. What keep s you with him? he asked. It took a foresighted time for her to answer. It is my lot. Paul frowned. Thats not much of an answer. No, she replied, but possibly thats all there is. Have you considered returning to Ireland? It is not a possibility. But if it were? No good comes from considering things that cannot be. Patricia was firm. Paul considered this a moment in the lead speaking. I suppose youre right. Where about in Ireland are you from anyway? I came from Cork. You do not carry much of a brogue. I have worked hard to eliminate my brogue. Jack mocks me for it, and there are those in this country who hate me for it. It is unfortunate, Paul said. I think that it sounds beautiful. Her gratitude and pleasure showed in her eyes. Paul glanced downward and noticed her petite fingers nervously playing with a locket that hung around her neck. The locket was cast in the shape of a four-leaf clover. It was unique, and she wore it religiouslyit was close to as if she had been born wit h the necklace around her neck. It was as much a pct of her as her deep auburn hair and green eyes. I have heard it said of Cork, that the sky does not rain, it weeps, Paul continued. It is a beautiful, tragic land, Patricia replied.

Julius Caesar Essay -- essays research papers

Julius CaesarIn William Shakespeares play Julius Caesar, the literary factor of the tragic hero is evident. In general, a tragic hero essential meet several historic qualifications. He must come from a good background and have broad(prenominal) social status, he must have a tragic flaw that leads to his downfall, and this flaw must be punished either by death or banishment. In this characterization of the history of the Ro composition Empire, Shakespeare explores the lives of Julius Caesar and his acquaintances. Though all of the characters are very important to the plot of the play, none of them obtain the characteristics of a tragic hero as Caesar does.A major characteristic of a tragic hero is that he must come from a good background and obtain high social status. Julius Caesar fits both of these qualities. Not only is he the supreme normal of capital of Italy, but he is in like manner a very wealthy and well- obligingnessed man as well. The people of Rome respect Caesar for several reasons. They admire him because he cares for Rome, he governs Rome, and he has made it a great empire. Caesar is sometimes referred to as a dictator for life by the Roman people. His army is also an awesome military force and is very capable of defending Rome as it displayed Pompey early in the play. The peoples love and respect for Caesar is evident when Caesar asks Mark Antony to touch Calphurnia to rid her of her barren curse. Antony responds to Caesars require by saying, I shall remember. / When Caesar says do ...

Cortés :: History

Corts Corts, Hernn or Cortez, Hernando (1485-1547), Spanish explorer and conqueror of the Aztec pudding stone of Mexico. Corts was born in Medelln, Extremadura. He studied law at the University of Salamanca, but cut short his university career in 1501 and decided to study his fortune in the New World. He weather sheeted for Santo Domingo in the spring of 1504. In 1511 he joined the Spanish soldier and administrator Diego Velzquez in the success of Cuba, and subsequently became alcalde (mayor) of Santiago de Cuba. In 1518 he persuaded Velzquez, who had beco1me governor of Cuba, to give him the teaching of an expedition to Mexico. The mainland had been discovered the year before by the Spanish soldier and explorer Francisco Fernndez de Crdoba and subsequently by Juan de Grijalva, nephew of Velzquez. On February 19, 1519, Corts, with a labor of some 600 men, fewer than 20 horses, and 10 field pieces, set sail from Cuba, despite the cancellation of his commission by Velzquez, who h ad become suspicious that Corts, once in a position to establish himself independently, would refuse to recognize his authority. Corts sailed on the coast of Yucatn and in March 1519 landed in Mexico, subjugating the town of Tabasco the artillery of the Spaniards, the ships, and particularly the horses filled the natives with awe. From the natives of Tabasco Corts larn of the Aztec Empire and its ruler, Montezuma II. Corts took numerous captives, one of whom, Malinche (baptized Marina), became his mistress out of devotion to him she acted as the interpreter, guide, and counselor for the Spaniards. Finding a better harbor a little north of San Juan, the Spaniards moved there and established a town, La Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz (now Veracruz). Corts organized an independent government, and renouncing the authority of Velzquez, acknowledged completely the supreme authority of the Spanish crown. In order to prevent those of his scurvy force who opposed this movement from desertin g him and carrying the news to Cuba, Corts destroyed his fleet. after(prenominal) negotiations with Montezuma, who tried to persuade Corts not to enter the capital urban center of Tenochtitln, Corts started his famous march inland. He overcame the native Tlascalans and then organize an alliance with them against the Aztecs, their enemies. From that time until the conquest was achieved, the Tlascalans continued to be the most historic of all the native allies of the Spaniards.

Looking Out for Future Pain :: Pain Health Medical Essays

Looking Out for Future Pain Pain is a method used by the body to interpret the outside world. Our spit out is covered with sensory neurons that are responsible for acquiring information about the bodys surroundings (6). Some of the tenderness endings involved in the bother detective work process are called nociceptors (6). Most of the sensory receptors and nociceptors come from an area closely the s nightfallal cord (6). The information from the sensory neurons is sent through mediate neurons and is passed onto the motor neurons that are involved in a physical movement, or are sent to the brain (1). In the brain, the information is interpreted and behavioral and emotional reactions are created (6). The definition of pain used by the internationalistic association for the Study of pain describes it as a sensory or emotional interpretation that is produced when there is the potential or actual occurrence of tissue aggrieve (2). Adults are able to verbalize the streng th of their pain and can help monitor the effectiveness of manipulation when there is damage to the body tissue. How can adults interpret the pain in infants who cannot verbalize their palpate? What concerns should we have when treating tissue damage in babies? What about the damage treatment of babies inside the womb? It has been noted that a new-sprung(a) has sensory nerve cells that have a greater respond rate than an adult (4). With crank sensory nerve cells, the spinal response to a input is alike increased and lasts for a longer period of time when compared with an adult (4). The panache of these bare-assed nerve cells is found on a larger batch of a newborns skin when compared with adults (4). These sensory areas are called capable fields (4). The receptive fields help the nervous system keep track of where the stimulus was received (4). With a larger receptive field, babies are unable to pin point the exact location of the stimulus (4). Since newborns hav e very sensitive sensory nerves, the same response is produced to any stimulus without regard to the intensity (4). A newborn may react in the same way to a pinch as to a soft touch (4). The newborn will respond to non-harmful experiences as if they were potentially harmful (4). Questions have been brocaded about the level of sensation that the fetus itself undergoes when using surgery to maneuver abnormalities in a fetus (1).

The Internet :: essays research papers

The meshing     The earnings is a wide-open arna for public discussion and interaction that inevitablyto be regulated protective rules, including censorship if necessary, must be instituted to understand that this environment is kept hospitable to all.     Recently a month ago, I got hooked up to America Online (AOL). I agree that theInternet is a wide-open arena for public discussion and interaction but, I dissent that itneeds to be regulated.      The Internet is a place where anything can occur. It is scarcely like talking to someoneon the phone instead you are typing to them. You can have a conversation closelyanything you wishing to talk more or less. It doesnt need protective rules or censorship. If it getscensorship then it allow be taking away our freedom of speech. Everybody has the right tosay whatever they want. Thats what they are doing on the Internet. When I am loggedonto AOL, I sometimes go into a reprimand room. In the chat room you meet great deal form allover the world. In in that location sometimes in that location is some profanity used. People also say stuffthat superpower offend you right away. This has happened to me. One night, when I was in achat room, the room went into a conversation about relationships. We were all talkingabout previous boyfriends and girlfriends how many, names and ages. Some girl that Ididnt even realize told them, "Garrett32 (my screen name) had 100 girlfriends by the timeI was 18. Loveem and leaveem. He is a jerk." My immediate reaction was to cursethe girl out but, I didnt. I just left the chat room. That was the outstrip thing I could havedone. If I had cursed her out he probably would have notified AOL. Nobody told me thatI had to sit there and get wind to what she was formulation. If I had stayed and listened to her thenthat would have been my fault. I would have been the one staying there to get the abuse.America Online gives you the option to notify them if someone said somethingunsuitably or not to your liking. They check on the problem to see what rightfullyhappened. If it is true that persons account is canceled. That is a good way of keepingthe Internet hospitable.     I think that someone should go on line unaccompanied if they are able to put up with all thethings that occur on it. If someone isnt then they shouldnt be online. I am not saying thateverything that occurs on line it all right, but you cant get offended about everything.

Computer Programming :: essays research papers fc

Computer architectural planingProgramming a computer is almost as easy as using one and does notrequire you to be a mathematics genius. People who are good at solving story problems act upon good programmers, and others say that artistic or musical talent is a signof voltage programmer. Various computer languages are described, and tips onchoosing the repair language and information how to use it are provided.Learning how to program is genuinely easier than many people think.Learning to program takes near the same while as two semesters of a collegecourse. The process of learning to program is unequivocally reinforcing, becausestudents receive immediate feedback on their screens. The programming languagesBasic, Pascal, C, and Database are discussed tips on learning the languages areoffered and a list of publishers addresses is provided.One way of programming is fast application development (RAD) hastremendous powers, but it is not without its limits. The two basal advantag esRAD tools promise over traditional programming are shorter, more than flexibledevelopment cycle and the fact that applications push aside be highly-developed by areasonably sophisticated end user. The main discriminate is that RAD toolsoften require code to be written, which will resolvent in most developers probablyhaving to learn to program using the cardinal programming language, except inthe case of the simplest applications. The magazine gained from using a RAD toolcan be immense, however Programmers using IBMs VisualAge declare the abilityto create up to 80 percent of an application visually, with the stand firm 20 percentconsisting of specialized functions, which means by using and IBM program it ismuch easier because most of the program is graphics which is just point and while away to do, and the rest is code, which really isnt much.Anyone who is willing to invest a little time and effort can now writecomputer programs and customize technical applications, thanks to new computer softwaretools. People can create their profess application with such programming languagesas Microsofts Visual Basic for Windows (which is about $130) or NovellsAppWare, part of its PerfectOffice suite. These products enable users to domuch of their programming done point-and-click choices without memorizingmany complicated commands.Programming can also be precise difficult. At least one programmingmistake is always do and debugging it can be very hard. Just finding wherethe problem is can take a long time alone, then if you fix that problem, othercould occur. There was a programming involving a cancer-therapy machine, hasled to loss of life, and the potential for disaster will increase as huge newsoftware programs designed to control aircraft and the national air-traffic