English2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

English2 - Essay Example Monitoring of rest periods and performance of dynamic and isometric exercises is also important as rest restores energy reserves and exercises prevent plateauing of fitness. In addition, listening to music and adjusting the order of compound exercises is important as it kick starts stalled progress and shifts around fatigue, while music helps in focusing. The article talks about renewing progress towards fitness and means through which stalling can be prevented. The article talks of the different causes of plateauing in fitness and achievement of exercise goals such as a fixed routine and rigidity in following only one routine in cardio. As a result, the article aims at resuming the achievement of physical goals in fitness by offering advice and new ways through which one can improve his or her work out and squeeze more from them. It also aims at having individuals follow improved means of working out for improved results in fitness by offering information in the benefits of certain suggested changes. The appeal of the author is quite convincing, especially with the information that is presented throughout the article with a sense of authority. This can be seen especially in the application and monitoring of rest periods, where the author advises the persons working out to follow certain principles. As a result, the principles show a strong sense of comprehension in the issue of working and all that affects it in terms of rebuilding energy and fat loss. The appeal to the audience shows honesty following the presence of vested interests in the wellbeing of the audience y mentioning the audience on a first person basis. The use of loos shows how knowledgeable the author is in the topic as the article features plenty of informative cues that aim at bettering the form and work out of any interested being reading the article. The target audience in this article is all persons that work out, in general, and for the details, it focuses on anyone preventing a

Organisational Theory Essay Example for Free

Organisational Theory Essay Apple is a global giant whose success has been built on outsourcing to a range of other organisations located across the world. How can different organizational theory perspectives assist us in acquiring different understanding of Apple, its organizational network and influence? In this essay you must use at least two perspectives to analyze Apple. Introduction In this revolutionised world, changes occur rapidly, be it in an organized or disorganized way (Henry Veltmeyer 2008). Organisations are dealing with more complex systems and concepts. The study of organisational theories gradually gains importance because it involves the study of abstract issues relating to organisations. It is essential as it benefits in analyzing and discovering new meanings to life both inside and outside the organisation (Hatch and Cunliffe 2006). Apple’s innovative story has been told and retold all around us. Its success is largely due to the late co-founder, Steven Paul Jobs. With the passing of Steve Jobs, Apple Inc is still prospering and currently the most admired company is the world (Fortune 2012). In organisational theory, the success of Apple can be analysed into two perspectives that vary extremely; Modernist and Post-Modernist. The modernist attributes Apple’s success to its unique organisation chart and ‘knowledge is power’ organisation culture. Post-modernist give credits to Apple’s acknowledgement of discourses and environment influences related to the organisation. Apple’s ability to churn out great quantities of products to meet the demand and its consistent engagement with stakeholders showed the efforts to be competitive in the industry. It is also a significant contribution to its success. However, Apple’s way of achieving success is a cause of debate due to its pathological relationship with its stakeholders. This essay aims to provide an exploration into Apple’s Inc organisation; perspectives of its stakeholders and how the relationship towards its environment. The context of the essay will be separated into two parts. Part A and B. Part A will touch on the meta-theoretical assumptions of modernist and post-modernist and how it relates to organisation’s power, control and the environment. Part B will apply the assumptions and definitions in part A to analyze modernism and postmodernism perspectives on Apple. The focus will be on the ways that Apple demonstrates power and how it influences its environment and network which includes stakeholders. Part A Ontology Ontology is defined as the science or study of reality (McAuley, Duberley Johnson 2007). It seeks to clarify what are the reality and the phenomena we take to constitute aspects of the reality. Modernist’s ontological assumption is described as objectivism. It claims that social world and reality is in order and that the reality is in a rational, structured manner regardless of our knowledge (Boisot Mckelvey 2010). They view the existent of time is real regardless of the human’s awareness because of humans develop hypothesis and propositions that showed the reality of time. On the other hand, there is no clear stance on the ontological assumption of postmodernism. It is developed in reaction of modernism position (Moore 2001). Postmodernist rejects and challenge the modernist view and argue that time is ‘created’ through the discourses of human because it provides meaning and assurance to humans. Epistemology Epistemology is the study of the criteria we set and how it justifies the belief. It seeks to clarify how beings create knowledge to claim the world is justified. Modernist takes a positive point of perspectives in viewing the world in search for knowledge. Modernist’s epistemological assumption is positivism, whereby rational hypotheses and practices of knowledge will define reality and understand nature(Hatch and Cunliffe 2006). They sees ‘truths’ to be the discovery of the human’s accurate hypothesis and conceptualization to be analyzed with the reality found in objective world. Nonetheless, postmodernism rejects modernism’s notion of ‘truths’. It describes reality as an illusions created by languages and discourses. It refers to the subjective means by which humans organise what they perceive. Discourses are thoughts, written or spoken or any mediums that construct a particular phenomenon, they are in a social and politically linguistic framework that influences humans experience and understanding of it (Crowther Green 2004). Instead, postmodernist aims to provide an alternative explanation/meaning through the use of discourses. Methodology influence on Organisation Modernist Continuing from the epistemology of modernism, it sees apprehension of knowledge means understanding all aspect of an organisation functions. Ways of solving and analyzing organisation issues are developed to better manage and create profitability for the company. Modernism and the methodological term, positivism, underpin the structures and episteme legitimacy in this ‘noisy’ world. Post-modernist Post-modern methodology lies in ‘anti-positivism’, where language, discourse and deconstruction are the main influences. Language can have different meaning and different significance when combined with other words (Moore 2001). The construction that could be produce may vary extremely in different circumstances. Postmodernists call this idea the Ludwig Wittgenstein’s notion of language games. Knowledge creates and reproduces discourse that exercise power and distort the reality that modernist assumes. The concept of discourse emerges in ‘poststructuralist linguistics as a means of discussing the collective process that constructs and shapes language in use.’ Deconstruction ‘is a way of reading and rereading texts using different contexts in order to expose their fundamental instabilities and multiple interpretations.’ Organisation Power and Control Organisations require power. Power in organisations has to operate on the phenomena of changing organisation practices and changing the ways in which organisation theorist have theorized the practices (Hatch and Cunliffe 2006). Max Weber suggested that power is making decisions according to planned results where the social actor gets to decide the means and ends of action. Political scientist, Robert Dahl further resides the relationship of the actor by suggesting that actors may be individuals or collective which leads to different instruments of power (Clegg, Courpasson Phillips 2006). ‘A’ can get ‘B’ to do something that ‘B’ would not otherwise do, just like the abstract ideology of billiard where the significant lies more on the strategy and gamesmanship behind the cue rather than final position of the balls. Anthony Giddens, expanded Weber’s definition of power stating that power involves a set of capabilities that intervene a given set of events by 2 distinct types of resources; allocative and authoritative. In modernist organisations, Weber argued, formal rationality would be best established and where dominance will be most complete. Modernism views power in organisations as a structure to coordinate activities in the pursuit of organisation goals. It seeks to impose order on the chaos and to integrate the competing interest and agendas so that a single, harmonious vision and a consistent set of premises govern the conduct of participants. The instrument of power is seen to resolve conflicts through negotiation and maximize control of operations. Modernist views controlling individuals in organisation necessary because employee possesses self-interest that will hinder organisation interest. The modernist control theories of bureaucracy, clan and agency will be applied on Apple. In contrast, Postmodernism theorist argues that unified goals can arise only when dominant actors delegitimize alternative interpretations and rationalities. It emphasizes the central role of power in shaping social institutions. The connection of power and knowledge is assumed to be inseparable and thus knowledge loses a sense of innocence and neutrality (Scott 2003). Postmodernist insist that the rational formal structure must be set alongside various informal systems that represent attempts to resist any single vision of order (Hassard 1995). Foucault’s theories pointed out that resistance towards domination is inevitable as power comes from everywhere. Any form of resistance will just reinforce them (Clegg et al. 2006). It views power as a multi-dimensional because it is like a network that dispersed throughout social, political and organisational world. Organisation Environment and Network Organisational environment is anything residing outside the boundaries of organisation that may impact upon the organisation. The organisation needs to adapt well to its environment and vice versa for the relationship to operate in an ideal prospect (Hatch and Cunliffe 2006). Modernist believes there is boundary between organisation and the external environment. Environment relates the factors such as inter-organisational network and its stakeholders. Networks are defined as stakeholders, consumers, environmental groups, competitors and so on. Modernist theorist assumes that there are inputs and outputs between the organisation and environment. The environment empowers and constrains an organisation; it impacts upon organisational goals and needs to be managed. Stakeholder theory refers to any actor that is vital for the survival or success of the organisation, and because of the boundary, other factors does not concern. As the focus is explaining how environmental influence operates, modernist researchers developed theories to analyze the environment. The Environmental contingency and resource dependent theory will be applied on later on. On the other hand, postmodernist deconstruct the dominant assumptions such that organisations and the environment are two distinct entities where there is no fixed boundaries; organisations are part of the environment (Boisot and Mckelvey 2010). By deconstructing, it aims to better serve the society’s needs and desires. Postmodernist theorist believes discourses used to define organisation-environmental relations are served to reinforce authority and inequality between an organisation and those ‘external’ to the organisation. Its stakeholder theory examines the ethics of constructing our organisations in ways that acknowledge the rights of those whose lives are influenced by the organisation. Compared to modernist, the definition is wider because it has a boundary less organisation and environment. It includes actor that affects or is being affected by the organisation, therefore even factors outside of the organisation are being considered. Part B Apple’s Organisation Power Control This part of the essay aims to analyze and understand Apple’s organisation in different perspectives in terms of its organisation power and structure. In modernism, the notion of power is based on authority. This is where the CEO, has the right to exercise his power. Steve Jobs has been always at the center of attention for being ruthless in unsuccessful projects. For example, the failed venture of MobileMe in 2008 caused the disbanding of the team (Lashinsky 2011). This rationalization is what modernism lean towards as they believe bureaucratic justification will lead to technical efficiency. Modernist researchers analyze that positivism exist in Apple. Apple’s philosophy of only choosing the best of the best candidate during interviews mirrors Steve Jobs statement of ‘A worker hires A worker, B worker will hire C worker’ (Lashinsky 2012). It displays that only rational hypothesis of hiring and trusting talented employee through tried and tested results in the business world that will bring Apple success. In terms of output and behavior control of the employees, it is difficult to measure at times. Modernist theorist uses few methods of control theories to sought control over employees so as to maximize organisational interest. In modernist view, these theories can be applied to Apple accordingly. Bureaucratic and Clan theories aim to achieve a desirable corporate culture within the rules and authority among the employees. In Apple, there is a top down management where it all begins with the CEO, then to the executive team. They have a unique organisation circular structure where the CEO is at the center and the network of executives spread out from there. Late Steve Jobs also instilled a concept that the employees’ working style are own task-oriented, which creates differentiation and departmentalization. The corporate culture also became more united and there is no more fiefdom. The successes of the products are credited to Steve Jobs ability to instill the ‘Apple Way’ strategy to give the organisation clear directions, individual accountability, sense of urgency and the change of focus to products instead of profits. Agency theory focuses on ensuring that the executives perform in the best interest of the organisation. The focus turns to performing for the organisation, therefore controlling outputs become more important. Performing employees gets to attend the famous Top 100 meeting which the CEO will personally invite them. This theory also emphasizes the success of secrecy working in a modernist perspective where Apple controls the information that concerns their products to height up the hype and gain more profits. Alternatively, postmodernist deconstruct power and control, rebutting the single dimension and views power presence throughout social, political and organisation world. Apple’s tip top secrecy organisation is well known (Lashinsky 2012). Postmodernists look at secrecy as a form of imposing a multidimensional power on its employees by the top management. Inside Apple, employees cannot have any resistant to the secrecy culture. Any resistant will result in greater power. Greater power comes in the sense of punishment; employees may get sacked (Clegg et al. 2006). More precautions will be also taken to minimize the chances of it happening again. Therefore, instead of seeing secrecy as a form of increasing efficiency and profits for the Apple, postmodernism argues that it’s a form of power that gives the top management control over the organisation. Another aspect of multidimensional power analyzed was the ability of Apple not making any indication to stop the global group who wants to boycott Apple products due to the massive suicides rate and pressure to increase workers’ wages at its main supplier, Foxconn. Postmodernist argues that in a one dimensional power situation (modernist perspective), Apple will find means to ‘kill’ the enemy (the boycott group) with its powerful influence in the business world. Here, Apple is using a second dimension by not ‘killing’, but proving to the rest of the people that Apple is still an ethical and superior organisation. This way, Apple silently gets an army of ally to do the job to influence the boycott group to change its mindset. From another point of view, on the contrary, there is an increasing sign of fresh debates concerning postmodernism theory on whether is resistance really forbidden. The suicides cases at Foxconn and significant rise of terrorism in the past decade do post a serious question to postmodernist researchers (CCTV 2010). These extremes examples show signs that resistance might have, in fact, the ability to affect power positively. The suicides cases have indirectly forces Foxconn to reconsider its management styles and most importantly increasing the workers’ wages (Chan Pun 2010). Apple’s Environment and its Network Influence Apple’s relationship with the environment is a two way situation. The following theories will analyze how Apple operates under the environment and its network. In modernism, it can be argued that Apple seems to go against the environmental contingency theory. Apple has a vision to avoid over complicating by manipulating its environment and structure. Steve Job has been making his organisation to be simpler in every ways, from the responsibilities of the executives to its consistency simplicity of its store layouts (Froud et al. 2012). Its product variety is also purposely concentrated to a few. With the limitation of variety, Apple countered this shortcoming by introducing a multi-dimensional model which minimize cost and increase its revenue. This substantial amount of revenue also includes introducing Itunes and the unique operating system. This counterabilty of its shortcoming is related to the next theory; resource dependency (Fortune 2008). As modernist views organisation are dependent upon the environment for inputs and outputs. Theorist Pfeffer and Salancik emphasize that organisation are under the restriction of their environment hence the resource dependence theory was developed. The aim was to find counter-dependencies to prevent the organisation from over reliant on the market. Apple’s need for the analysis for its resources is due to its vulnerability in the environment and the power that environment holds. The environment has the power to make demands on the organisation, for example, increasing competitions and thus resulting in competitive prices, product differentiation and efficient organisational structures and processes. Apple’s relationship with its supplier, Foxconn, is a prominent example of apple’s ability to navigate the harsh world of environmental challenges to find ways of getting cheaper labour. The jobs created in China are twice compared to USA, but the differential in salary showed USA has a significant larger share of the payout (Freeland 2011). Apple also created counter dependency by having joint ventures with Samsung Electronics to have them make the processor chips and alliances with companies like Google and Youtube to make use of their world map and video applications. By inventing their own operating systems and programs, it also provides Apple with increase efficiency because they do not need to rely on the environment to react if they have any new ideas or concepts. Critics have argued that Apple has been adopting a narrow view on the perspective of stakeholder theory because they will neglect the factors that are indirectly connected to the organisation. This interpretation mirrors modernism due to its creation of the boundary of the ‘outside’ world and its stakeholders. The comparison made earlier with the jobs created in China and USA suggested that Apple is adept at avoiding the social obligations to provide secure, internal, high quality employment for its own nation, USA. This generates another thought on business ethics that Apple is actually prioritizing on getting the highest profit margin (their average profit is already approximately 70% of selling price) instead of the reason of the competitive industry. On the other hand, postmodernist claims that stakeholder theory is an integration of the organisation and stakeholders, thus they see Apple actions to affect anyone who are affected even if it is indirect. In Apple’s website, they have the environmental responsibility page to ensure its stakeholders are assured that Apple do consider every factor that relates to its organisation to be taken care of (Apple 2012). Postmodernist also argued that by creating boundary between organisation and environment, there will be negative externalities. Apple’s ability to entice consumers with the introduction of Iphone 5 is a cause of negative externalities. Externalities such as driving the consumption rate of the society when Iphone 4s still have a long product lifespan, this creates another issue of environmental repercussions and increasing workload/stress issues at Foxconn. Apple’s does produce positive externalities in the process of unveiling their products. For example, consumer did not have to bear the cost of intense advertising by Apple because Apple’s strategy of using multi-dimensional power to influence the public to do the ‘advertising’ for them worked. Blogs, video parody and even news were heavily speculating and discussing about the new products, thus bringing in ‘free’ advertising as a form of positive externality to the consumers. Conclusion The modernist and postmodernist theories thus assist us in analyzing Apple in a different light. It has shown the different perspective of Apple in terms of power, control and its environment. It showed that power can be multi-dimensional and formidable. On the contrary, questions are being asked of postmodernism’s resistance stance and environmental contingency theory. Although this essay cannot attribute its success to a single perspective, it did make an conscious effort to explore and improve Apple’s organisation as a whole. Reference List Apple 2012, ‘Supplier Responsibility’, USA, viewed 4 September 2012, http://www.apple.com/supplierresponsibility/code-of-conduct/environmental-impact.html. Boisot, M and Mckelvey, B 2010, ‘Intergrating Modernist and Postmodernist Perspectives on Organizations: A Complexity Science Bridge’, Academy of Management Review, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 7 September 2012. CCTV 2010, ‘Foxconn Suicides Eng Sub’, online video, viewed 4 September 2012, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kz2U2R1ehvIfeature=watch_response%20foxconn%20suicides. Chan J, and Pun, N 2010, ‘Suicide as protest for the New Generation of Chinese migrant workers: Foxconn, Global Capital and the State’, The Asia Pacific Journal, 13 September, viewed 4 September 2012,https://equella.rmit.edu.au/rmit/items/d672ebbc-eca6-6b5c-4a53-a1392211693c/1/31259010341480.pdf?.hb=true. Clegg, SR, Courpasson, D and Phillips, N 2006, ‘Power and Organizations’, SAGE, London. Clegg, SR, Hardy, C, Nord, WR and Lawrence, T 2006, ‘The Sage handbook of organization studies’, Sage Publications, London. Crowther, D and Miriam, G 2004, ‘Organisational Theory’, CIPD Publishing, London. Fortune, 2012, ‘World’s most admired companies’, CNN Money, 19 March, viewed 1 September 2012, http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/most-admired/2012/snapshots/670.html. Fortune, 2008, ‘Steve Jobs speaks out’, CNN Money, 7 March, viewed 4 September 2012, http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2008/fortune/0803/gallery.jobsqna.fortune/8.html. Freeland, C 2011, ‘How the ipod explains globalization’, The New York Times, 30 June, viewed 4 September 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/01/world/asia/01iht-letter01.html. Froud, J., Sukhdev, J., Leaver, A., and Williams, K 2012, ‘Apple Business Model: Financialization across the Pacific’, CRESC Working Paper Series, Vol. 111 , viewed 4 September 2012, http://www.cresc.ac.uk/sites/default/files/WP111%20Apple%20Business%20Model%20%28April%202012%29.pdf. Hassard, J 1995, ‘Sociology and Organization Theory: Positivism, Paradigms and Postmodernity’, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Hatch, MJ and Cunliffe, AL 2006, ‘Organization Theory: modern, symbolic, and postmodern perspectives’, 2nd edn, Oxford University Press, New York. Lashinsky, 2011, ‘How Apple works: Inside the worlds biggest startup’, CNN Money, 25 August, viewed 2 September 2012, http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/08/25/how-apple-works-inside-the- worlds-biggest-startup/. Lashinsky, A 2012, ‘Inside Apple : how Americas most admired-and secretive-company really works’, Business Plus, New York. Marinaccio, MJ 2007, ‘Organization Structure and Its Impact on the Power/politic Dynamic: A Mixed Method Exploration of Senior Management Perceptions of Formal and Virtual Organizations’, Capella University School of Business, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, viewed 1 September 2012, Proquest. McAuley, J, Duberley, J and Johnson, J 2007, ‘Organization theory: challenges

Black Boy :: Essays Papers

Black Boy2 Black Boy, Richard Wright's autobiography, covers his childhood and early adulthood. It opens with four-year-old Richard's rebellion against authority, an important motif in Black Boy. At the time, Richard was restless and resentful of his mother's injunction of silence. Richard accidentally burned down his grandparents' house in his attempt to find something to occupy his time. After his mother determined that he was unharmed, she beat him so badly he lost consciousness. When Richard and his brother were very young, Nathan Wright, their father, abandoned the family, plunging them into poverty. Richard's constant hunger made him extremely bitter toward his absent father. Over the next few years, Ella, Richard's mother, would desperately attempt to feed, clothe, and shelter her children. Her long hours of work often meant leaving her children with little supervision. When Richard was six years old, he began begging drinks in a nearby saloon where the customers plied him with nickels if he would repeat various curse words and offensive phrases. When beatings proved ineffective in breaking her son of his growing obsession with alcohol, Ella engaged the babysitting services of an older black woman in the neighborhood. Ella moved in with her sister, Maggie, and Maggie's husband, Silas Hoskins. Hoskins was the proprietor of a successful saloon, so there was always more than enough food to eat. Nevertheless, Richard was unable to lose the fear that his hunger would return anew, so he hoarded food all over the house. Unfortunately, the newfound stability was not destined to last. The local whites were jealous of Hoskins's profitable business, so they murdered him and threatened to kill the rest of his family. Maggie and Ella fled with the two boys to live in another town. Maggie and Ella's combined wages proved adequate to feed and clothe Richard and his brother, but Maggie became involved with "Professor" Matthews, a wanted man. Ella and the children fled to the North after Matthews killed a white woman; Ella once again had to work alone to provide for herself and her children. Ella's health began to deteriorate. Lacking rent money, she and her sons were forced to move several times. A paralytic stroke disabled her, so Richard was forced to write to his grandmother for help. Ella's siblings gave what help they could, but none of them could take on the responsibility for both of her children. Richard's grandmother took on the responsibility for caring for Ella.

Intelligence Led Policing Essay

Intelligence Led Policing is a strategy that reduces crime through a strategic management and effective enforcement of strategies that target prolific offenders. In order to reduce social harm, the police have to work wider partners for wider potential solutions. The police have to combine their knowledge on criminal intelligence with crime analysis knowledge so as to come up with a substantial decision. It aims in achieving crime reduction and prevention by disrupting the activities of offenders through employment of a top-down management approach. Another way of predicting a prolific offender is through strategic targeting and prioritization. Targeting should be strategic towards individuals, location or operations that will produce the best results and success, thus enabling police officers to work effectively (Peterson, 2005). In addition, the information should be from reliable sources so as to allow the best results without breaching innocent people’s rights. Another issue is the use of previous crimes records as indicators so as to foster preventive measures in order to mitigate the offender from committing crimes. This operation can happen to be the best given that the information at hand is reliable but it can be unethical if the target happens to be clean (Peterson, 2005). Furthermore, through proper data collection either through physical surveillance, electronic surveillance, confidential informants, and public records or under covers operators who have provided vital information which after being analyzed they guarantee success. In conclusion, Intelligence Led policing focuses on certain criminal activities and key criminals can be targeted for inquiry after there problems are assessed. Moreover, some character and upbringing traits are use to predict recidivist behavior which helps in predicting prolific offenders and it tries to capture both operational and ethical issues. The number of times an offender has appeared in court, drug users’ and having delinquent acquaintances foster a good prolific offender target.

Application of Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Application of Fluorescence Spectroscopy in Chemical Oceanography: Tracing Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) Erika Mae A. Espejo 3rd year, BS Chemistry, University of the Philippines, Diliman Abstract Dissolved organic matter (DOM), the fraction passing through a 0. 45 Â µm membrane filter, is considered poorly understood mixture of organic polymers because of its complexity. Although it largely influences a lot of biogeochemical processes in aquatic environments, its characterization is not that simple.However, due to the fact that it comprises optically active fraction called colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) together with the help of its colloidal components, tracing of DOM can be possible. Through different methods and instruments such as fluorescence excitation-emission spectroscopy, parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC), isolation-fractionation technique (pairing of fluorescence and absorbance spectroscopy), and satellite remote sensors, analysis of DOM can be done wh ich can help elucidate its dynamics in aquatic environments.Introduction When a molecule absorbs light (energy), an electron is excited and promoted to an unoccupied orbital. Figure 1 shows a Jablonski diagram which describes what happens when an electron is excited: Fig. 1 Jablonski diagram The energy difference between the ground (S 0) and excited singlet states (S1, S2 or higher) determines the wavelengths at which light is absorbed. Absorption (excitation) can result in a range of transitions to various vibrational sublevels of excited singlet states, which is then followed by nonradiative relaxation to the lowest sublevel of the S 1 state, via vibrational relaxation and internal conversion.Internal conversion, singlet–triplet intersystem crossing and fluorescence then compete for relaxation to the ground state (S 0). The wavelength of the fluorescence emission is determined by the difference in energy between S1 and S0 states. The greater the conjugation in the molecule, the lesser the difference in energy resulting in a longer wavelength of fluorescence. Discussion The fraction passing through a 0. 45 Â µm filter includes material in true solution, together with some colloidal components, and is termed dissolved organic matter (DOM).It could be autochthonous/external (from degradation of terrestrial plant matter which is dissolved and transported through river systems and estuaries to the marine environment), or allochthonous/internal (from exudation by phytoplankton, excretion by zooplankton, and post-death organism decay process). DOM influences different aspects of aquatic environments like microbial and plankton (aquatic) ecology, trace metal speciation and transport, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) toxicity, trace water masses, mobilization of organic and inorganic pollutants, photo degradation, drinking water treatment, and carbon budgeting.This implies that tracing and characterization of DOM is essential to understand its dynamics ; however, since DOM is a complex and poorly understood heterogeneous mixture of aliphatic and aromatic polymers, and its composition varies in time and space depending on proximity to sources and exposure to degradation process, characterization is arduous (involves large sample volumes and many stages) [4]. The optically active fraction of DOM (passing through a 0. 2 Â µm filter) is called the colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM). It absorbs ultraviolet and blue light radiation in 350-500 nm range and also fluoresces when excited by light .Its presence gives water a yellow/brown color (and often described as yellow substance or gelbstoff) and its light absorption is highest in the ultraviolet (UV) region and declines to near-zero levels in the red region of the spectrum [2]. It plays an important role in determining the underwater light fields, represents a significant component of ocean optical signals for satellite-based measurements of ocean color and can interfere in globa l and regional estimates of primary production; affects the ocean color, underwater light fields and aquatic chemistry through a suite of sunlight-initiated photochemical processes [3].Thus, using spectroscopy, it can be used as a tracer for the characterization of the DOM pool. This review discusses four approaches in fluorescence spectroscopy for tracing CDOM. The first one is the Fluorescence Emission-Excitation Spectroscopy. Fluorescence excitationemission matrices (EEMs) are emission scans from excitations over a range of wavelengths (? ) which provide information on number, types and abundance of fluorophores present in CDOM [4] . It can also ifferentiate between CDOM of terrestrial and marine origin (marine CDOM has a fluorescence maximum at shorter wavelengths than terrestrial). For multivariate analysis of EEMs, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), a two-way data analysis method is used (for example 45 excitation ? times 150 emission ? equals 6750 variables). However, Stedmo n et. al said that Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) is better suited to EEMs since it is a three-way version of the PCA where the data are composed into tri-linear components. Equation 1 describes the PARAFAC model (the second approach): xijk = ? ifbifckf + ? ijk (1) where xijk is the intensity of the fluorescence for the ith sample at emission wavelength j and excitation wavelength k, aif is directly proportional to the concentration (moles) of the fth analyte in sample I, b jf is linearly related to the fluorescence quantum efficiency (fraction of absorbed energy emitted as fluorescence), ckf is linearly proportional to the specific absorption coefficient (molar absorbtivity) at excitation wavelength k, F defines the number of components in the model, and a residual matrix ? jk represents the variability not accounted for by the model. Figure 2 and figure 3 show that the model reproduces the main features of the measured EEMs when they sampled in the east coast of Jutland, Denma rk: This implies that PARAFAC modeling is an effective method of characterizing CDOM with EEMs. This approach was able to trace CDOM to help elucidate its dynamics: Stedmon et. al said that the model was successful in grouping the fluorophores present into groups with similar structure. They have found out that excitation at longer ? uggests that the fluorophores responsible for this fluorescence are more aromatic in nature or contain several functional groups, the ratio of fluorescence in this region (~500 nm) relative to the fluorescence at 450 nm, varies depending on the number of aromatic groups and, hence, the source of the material, and ratios twice as large in the estuary than in the terrestrial samples, suggests that the fluorescence is not only due to terrestrially derived matter but also CDOM produced/transformed in estuarine processes.As with the behavior of CDOM, results show that this approach distinguishing is capable between of CDOM derived from different sources sinc e there are considerable differences in the composition of CDOM from sources of DOM. Table 1 shows the behavior of CDOM from different sources: Table 1. Behavior of CDOM from different sources High fluorescence intensity Low fluorescence intensity Lakes: there is a net production of ? Transported out of the forest and again autochthonous DOM during estuarine mixing (where the freshwater input from the stream mixes with the saline waters of the inner estuary) ?In freshwater: due to mixing (dilution), and degradation/transformation ? In forest stream: photochemical degradation due to exposure to sunlight (photochemical degradation bleaches the DOM fluorescence and causes the specific fluorescence to decrease) ? Results show that this approach enables us to establish relationships between general characteristics of the DOM pool and its fluorescent properties. The third approach is the isolation-fractionation based techniques ((ion-exchange resins, reverse osmosis, rotary evaporation, a nd tangential flow ultrafiltration).However this approach uses isolates which may not completely reflect the actual structure, behaviour, interactions and reactivity of DOM in the natural environment due to alterations in the structure of the DOM during extraction and concentration and due to their removal from the original environment in which they were situated. Nevertheless, the paired fluorescence and absorbance measurements can still distinguish CDOM from different sources. Figure 4 shows that DOC against a340 for all sample sites and demonstrates a strong correlation (r=0. 9, n=30); a340 was found to be the best proxy for DOC from all the optical measurements taken, where a340 is absorption coefficient at 340 nm (provide a check for inner-filtering effects when highly absorbent DOM quenches fluorescence, resulting in a decrease in intensity): Fig. 4 Relationship of DOC and a340 measured in River Tyne, northern England The last approach is through satellite remote sensing, a me thod that could estimate the amount of CDOM in surface waters over large geographic areas would be highly desirable.Satellite remote sensing has the potential to CDOM observation with high spatial and temporal resolution and enables scaling up to the level of large ecosystems and biomes which implies that match-ups have really high correlation (hence approach is [3] . Figure 5 below shows satellite measurements of CDOM successful and verified): Satellite-derived CDOM products will allow us to estimate processed such as ecosystem production of DOM and sunlight decomposition of CDOM [7] . The new odel will also allow us to validate the remote sensing estimates of phytoplankton (chlorophyll concentration) and productivity, and may open up new possibilities for using ocean color remote sensing with studies in areas such as photochemistry, the photobiology of ultraviolet radiation and even ocean circulation [3]. Conclusion The importance of CDOM in tracing and characterizing DOM has been showed through the use of its optical properties; thus enabling us to explain the dynamics of its pool.The use of fluorescence spectroscopy makes it possible to distinguish the properties of CDOM which can enlighten us on how it influences the biogeochemical processes in the aquatic environments (for example the absorbance measurements can tell us what components of CDOM are present, its molecular weight, it sources, etc), and how it behaves in different environments. References: [1] Andy Bakera, Robert G. M. Spencer. Characterization of dissolved organic matter from source to ea using fluorescence and absorbance spectroscopy [2] C. A. Stedmon*, S. Markager . Behaviour of the optical properties of coloured dissolved organic matter under conservative mixing [3] S. P. Tiwari, P. Shanmugam. An optical model for the remote sensing of coloured dissolved organic matter in coastal/ocean waters [4] Colin A. Stedmona, Stiig Markagera, Rasmus Bro. Tracing dissolved organic matter in aquatic environments using a new approach to fluorescence spectroscopy [5] Claude Belzile, Laodong Guo.Optical properties of low molecular weight and colloidal organic matter: Application of the ultrafiltration permeation model to DOM absorption and fluorescence [6] C. Romera-Castillo, M. Nieto-Cid, C. G. Castro , C. Marrase, J. Largier, E. D. Barton, X. A. Alvarez-Salgado. Fluorescence: Absorption coefficient ratio — Tracing photochemical and microbial degradation processes affecting coloured dissolved organic matter in a coastal system [7] http://neptune. gsfc. nasa. gov/science/slides. php? sciid=73

Using El Over La for Spanish Feminine Words

Using El Over La for Spanish Feminine Words El is the singular, masculine definite article, meaning the, in Spanish and is used to define masculine nouns, while la is the feminine version. But there are a few instances where el is used with feminine nouns. Gender in Words An interesting thing about Spanish is the fact that words have gender. A word is considered male or female, depending on what the word refers to and how it ends. A general rule of thumb is if a word ends in -o, it is most likely masculine, and if a word ends in -a, it is most likely feminine. If the word is describing a female person, then the word is feminine and vice versa. Definite Articles for Nouns In most cases, el is used for masculine nouns and la is used for feminine nouns. Another rule supersedes this, and that is when the feminine noun is singular and starts with a stressed a- or ha- sound, like the words agua, meaning water, or hambre, meaning hunger. The reason the definite article becomes el is mostly a matter of how it sounds to say la agua and la hambre and the clunkiness of the double-a sounds repeating. It sounds more definitive to say el agua and el hambre. There is a similar grammar rule in English about the use of the an versus a. An English speaker would say, an apple instead of a apple. The two repeating double-a sounds are too close to each other and sound too repetitive. The English rule  states that an, which is an indefinite article modifying the noun, comes before nouns that have a vowel sound at the beginning of the word and a comes before consonant-starting nouns. Feminine Words that Use the Masculine Article Notice the substitution of el for la takes place when it comes immediately before words starting with an a sound. Feminine Nouns English Translation el agua the water el ama de casa the housewife el asma asthma el arca the ark el hambre hunger el hampa the underworld el arpa the harp el guila the eagle If the feminine noun is modified by  adjectives  that follow the noun in the sentence, the feminine noun retains the masculine article. Feminine Nouns English Translation el agua purificada purified water el arpa paraguaya the Paraguayan harp el hambre excesiva excessive hunger Reverting Back to the Feminine Article The thing to remember is that words that are feminine remain feminine. The reason why this matters is if the word becomes plural, the word goes back to using the feminine definite article. In this case, the definite article becomes las. It sounds fine to say las arcas  since the s in las breaks up the double-a sound. Another example is las amas de casa. If a word intervenes between the definite article and the noun,  la  is used. Feminine Nouns English Translation la pura agua pure water la insoportable hambre the unbearable hunger la feliz ama de casa the happy housewife la gran guila the great eagle If the accent of the noun is not on the first syllable, the definite article la is used with singular feminine nouns when they begin with a- or ha-. Feminine Nouns English Translation la habilidad the skill la audiencia the audience la asamblea the meeting The substitution of el for la does not occur before adjectives that begin with a stressed a- or ha-, the rule only applies to nouns, despite the double-a sound.   Feminine Nouns English Translation la alta muchacha the tall girl la agria experiencia the bitter experience Exceptions to the Rule There a few exceptions to the rule that el substitutes for la immediately before a noun that begins with a stressed a- or ha-. Note, the letters of the alphabet, called  letras  in Spanish, which is a feminine noun, are all feminine. Feminine Nouns English Translation la rabe the Arabic woman La Haya The Hague la a the letter A la hache the letter H la haz uncommon word for face, not to be confused with el haz,meaning shaft or beam Feminine Words Can Use the Masculine Indefinite Article Most grammarians consider it correct for feminine words to take the masculine indefinite article un instead of una under the same conditions where la is changed to el. It is for the same reason  la is changed to el, to eliminate the double-a sound of the two words together.   Feminine Nouns English Translation un guila an eagle un ama de casa a housewife Although this is widely considered correct grammar, this usage is not universal. In everyday spoken language, this rule is irrelevant, due to elision, which is the omission of sounds, especially as words flow together. In pronunciation, there is no difference between un guila and una guila.

Dimensions by Alice Munro Essay Example

Dimensions by Alice Munro Essay Example Dimensions by Alice Munro Paper Dimensions by Alice Munro Paper Essay Topic: Literature Dimensions by Alice Munro is a tragic story that talks about self discovery and the courage to start all over again. Doree is a woman who has been broken in every way, but refuses to give her right to continue to live. The story describes Dorees psychological and emotional metamorphosis from an innocent young girl who has to face many difficulties to become a woman. All the circumstances that she goes through helps her mature, think more critically, and find the strength to pursue the happiness that she yearned. Doree was sixteen when her mother died of an embolism; and was sheltered, to a certain point, by Lloyd. Doree was a girl who had to leave her adolescence behind at an early age to become a wife/mother/woman and due to her lack of experience in all aspects, she had to depend on her husband, Lloyd. During their whole marriage Doree was isolated from others; having no social skills due to her lack of interaction, she could not establish a bond with any other person strong enough to overcome her need for Lloyd: â€Å"It was Lloyd and Doree and their family that mattered†¦the bond was not something that anybody else could understand†(Munro,6). At that exact moment in her life, she found in Lloyd the love that she desperately needed; especially after the lost of her mother she felt helpless. Lloyd represented a father figure for Doree; he replaced the family that she had lost to become part of a new one. Throughout the story Doree always acts tactfully and diplomatic, seeking not to provoke Lloyd’s temper, on the other hand, she started questioning his reasoning and behavior that was inappropriate sometimes. Doree’s way of seeing and analyzing life was changing from a child mind to a more mature one, as if someone remove the eye bandage from her: â€Å"he was still the closest person in the world to her, and she felt that everything would collapse if she were to bring herself to tell someone exactly how he was† (Munro, 7). Doree describes Lloyd as a good husband, who as any other person also has defects; she further mentioned that she was happy in her relationship no matter the â€Å"minor† altercations that occurred between them. She deeply inside knew that her husband acted in a way that he could only understand; in other circumstances it wouldn’t be seen as normal. The couple had 3 children: Sasha, Barbara Ann and Dimitri; Doree had finally formed a family of her own. This was a new experience and challenge for her, as she was responsible for the care of her children. Being a parent wasn’t easy, and of course all children are not the same; for the first time Doree had to hide something from Lloyd:â€Å"Little did she know that Doree had been giving him a supplement already† ( Munro, 4). Although she had fear of what Lloyd could think or say, she followed her maternal instinct; what she cared the most was her childs health and nutrition. Doree was controlled by Lloyd in all possible ways, but when it was about the children and what was best for them, she had to become a mother and be capable to take care of them; she was growing emotionally and psychologically into a woman. When it came to the educational field, Lloyd decided that their children should be educated at home: â€Å"I mean they are our kids, not the department of Education’s kids† (Munro,5). Doree wasn’t so sure that she could handle this kind of responsibility; being a mom was hard enough and now also having to teach the children, but it turned out that the department of education had guidelines and lessons plans which guide her through the process. She knew that sooner or later the children will need a higher education level if they wanted to pursue a career, and it was better to make sure that she was aware of current updated status in the educational department; despite of Lloyd’s warning, she decided to pick up the school exercises and return them as soon as the children finished them. This example illustrates Doree’s determination to do what she thought it was best for her children’s benefit; she acted with responsibility and courage because she went against Lloyd ideology. Maggie was Doree’s friend who also did homeschooling; she was an independent woman with a career and a different perspective of life. Doree saw in her a total different woman from what she was; Lloyd did not like the idea of Doree hanging out with Maggie, he saw her as a threat for their relationship: â€Å"she is out to break us up†¦. I’ve got experience of her kind of woman†(Munro,6). He wanted Doree under his control, for her to be isolated from the real world, where he could control and manipulate her. Doree knew that a woman like Maggie did not pretend to break them up, it was only Lloyd’s imagination, he wanted to create this world where anyone that did not fit his criteria was consider to be an enemy or a threat. The hardest situation that Doree had to go through was when Lloyd, her beloved husband, murdered the children and made her responsible for such monstrous event. For her, Lloyd is the only connection she has left to her children and to that unspeakable accident. Even now that she started a new life, away from all memories and connections; she was still not able to talk about the children or even think about them before Lloyds letter: â€Å"But they do exist and it must be that there is another Dimension†¦ what I know is that I have access to whatever one they are† (Munro, 11). It may have been something of a release or a sense of comfort for her what drew her back to Lloyd, not returning to him as wife to husband, but as to the only person she thought could understand her anguish (even though he caused it), to whom she wouldnt have to explain what had happened or hide from what he might think of her for allowing it to happen, and could help her keep the memories of her children alive. Not forgiveness or even love, just that connection that she doesnt have with anyone else. On her way to visit him one evening on the bus, Doree witnesses a car accident and attempts CPR on the victim. Through the CPR she can feel life return to the young boy who is unconscious and almost dying: â€Å"It was a true breath. The airway was open†¦ He was breading†9(Munro, 13). She did not only save the boy’s life but also hers. At some extension she felt that by saving the boy’s life, she could have been saving her children; in a way she forgave herself for not being there for her children when they needed her the most. Doree was the woman who could have done the unthinkable, even go back to Lloyd after all the pain that he had caused her. She lost her whole family : mother, husband and children, but she never gave up her hope and desire to keep living. Now she is a different person, more mature and with experience of life . She needs to forgive herself, to understand that it was not her fault, to heal all her wounds so she could begin a new chapter in her life and find happiness.

Top Ranked California Business Schools

Top Ranked California Business Schools California is a large state with a lot of diverse cities. It is also home to hundreds of college and universities. Many of them are in the states large public school system, but there are even more private schools. In fact, some of the largest and most prestigious colleges and universities in the country are located in California. This means lots of choices for students who are seeking a higher education. In this article, were going to take a look at some of the options for students who are majoring in business. Although some of the schools on this list do have undergraduate programs, were going to focus on the best California business schools for graduate students who are seeking an MBA or a specialized masters degree. These schools have been included because of their faculty, curriculum, facilities, retention rates, and career placement rates.   Stanford Graduate Schools of Business Stanford Graduate School of Business is frequently ranked among the best business schools in the country, so it is no surprise that it is widely considered to be the best business school in California. It is part of Stanford University, a private research university. Stanford is located in Santa Clara County and adjacent to the city of Palo Alto, which is home to a number of different tech companies. Stanford Graduate School of Business was originally created as an alternative to business schools in the eastern portion of the United States. The school has grown to become one of the most highly respected institutions of education for business majors. Stanford is known for its cutting-edge research, distinguished faculty, and innovative curriculum. There are two main masters level programs for business majors at Stanford Graduate School of Business: a full-time, two-year MBA program and a full-time, one-year Master of Science program. The MBA program is a general management program that begins with a year of core courses and global experiences before allowing students to personalize their education with various electives in areas like accounting, finance, entrepreneurship, and political economics. Fellows in the Master of Science program, known as the Stanford Msx Program, take foundational courses first before being mixed in with MBA students for elective coursework. While enrolled in the program (and even afterward), students have access to career resources and a Career Management Center that will help them design a personalized career plan designed to develop skills in networking, interviewing, self-assessment and much more.    Haas School of Business Like Stanford Graduate Schools of Business, Haas School of Business has a long, distinguished history. It is the second oldest business school in the United States and is widely considered to be one of the best business schools in California (and the rest of the country). Haas School of Business is part of the University of California- Berkeley, a public research university founded in 1868. Haas is located in Berkeley, California, which is situated on the east side of San Francisco Bay. This Bay Area location offers unique opportunities for networking and internships. Students also benefit from the award-winning Haas School of Business campus, which boasts ultramodern facilities and spaces that are designed to encourage collaboration among students. Haas School of Business offers several different MBA programs to suit various needs, including a full-time MBA program, an evening and weekend MBA program, and an executive MBA program called the Berkeley MBA for Executives. These MBA programs take between 19 months and three years to complete. Business majors at the masters level can also earn a Master of Financial Engineering degree, which provides preparation for finance careers in investment banks, commercial banks, and other financial institutions. Career advisors are always on hand to help business students plan and launch their careers. There are also a number of companies that recruit talent from Haas, ensuring a high placement rate for business school graduates.   Ã‚  Ã‚   UCLA Anderson School of Management Like the other schools on this list, Anderson School of Management is considered a top-tier U.S. business school. It is highly ranked among other business schools by a wide range of publications. Anderson School of Management is part of the University of California- Los Angeles, a public research university in the Westwood district of Los Angeles. As the creative capital of the world, Los Angeles offers a unique location for entrepreneurs and other creative business students. With people from more than 140 different countries, Los Angeles is also one of the most diverse cities in the world, which help Anderson be diverse as well. Anderson School of Management has many of the same offerings as Haas School of Business. There are multiple MBA programs to choose from, allowing students to individualize their management education and pursue the program that fits with their lifestyles. There is a traditional MBA program, a fully employed MBA (for working professionals), an executive MBA, and a global MBA for Asia Pacific program, which was created developed through a partnership between the UCLA Anderson School of Management and National University of Singapore Business School. Completion of the global MBA program results in two different MBA degrees, one awarded by UCLA and one by the National University of Singapore.  Students who are not interested in earning an MBA can pursue a Master of Financial Engineering degree, which is best suited for business majors who want to work in the finance sector.   Parker Career Management Center at Anderson School of Management  provides career services to students and graduates through every stage of the career search. Several organizations, including Bloomberg Businessweek and The Economist, have ranked the career services at Anderson School of Management as the best in the country (#2 in fact).

Port management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Port management - Essay Example This might be owing to the development approach of the government of the nation’s towards this particular sector (Chou & et. al., 2003). Contextually, this particular essay will ensure a thorough discussion about why the Far East Asia port market is one of the fastest growing ones in the world along with analysing various factors that contribute in making the market a faster growing one. Observably, East Asia is regarded as one of the fastest growing port sectors of the world, which is largely owing to the export growth strategies persisting within this particular region of the world. The port industry in this particular region of the world has seen substantial changes over the years and it has developed to the maximum level. History depicts that this particular sector had seen noteworthy neo liberal changes that acted as a major aspect towards the development of port sector in the East Asia region. Notably, Asia is amid the major renowned regions of the world in terms of international trade owing to the continuous economic development from the 80s to the modern day scenario. With continuous economic growth in the Far East Asian regions, people became quite concern towards earning a better life for themselves, which further encouraged them towards developing manufacturing and production systems. This depicts the first postulate of production factors. However, as per the second postulate, people belonging to this region were not quite capable of conducting every work efficiently in earlier days, which further resulted in trade amid various regions. With the emergence of trade in this sector, the demands for container port services have increased rapidly. Observably, the combine capacity of Far East Asian ports in terms of handling volumes is recorded to be 107 TEUs, which is again expected to rise in between 254 million TEUs and 306 million TUEs by the year 2015. It has been noted that

Health Disparities, Diversity, and Cultural Competence Assignment

Health Disparities, Diversity, and Cultural Competence - Assignment Example Various hospitals have been built to provide healthcare to people of different classes in the society. According to Shavers (2007), the socioeconomic status is the relative position of a person or community based on their access to wealth and prestige. The socioeconomic status influences health via its association with environmental exposure, lifestyle, and health behavior. The current income and occupation can enable a person to access a particular standard of healthcare. Another socioeconomic factor that impacts on health is education. Education has been evidenced to have a direct effect on a person’s professional development and career opportunities. As noted by Hillemeier et al. (2003), higher education levels are often predictive of better jobs, working conditions, neighborhoods, as well as medical care. On the contrary, low education is a projector of low living standards, volatile income, and poor health care access. Galama and Van Kippersluis (2010) add that this forms the low-income and high-income quartiles. In this regard, socioeconomic model of health disparities posits that the socio-economic status predicts the health status of a person. As a consequence, the health interventions are being developed to ensure equality in order to mitigate this disparity. Another effect is that some health interventions are tailored to cater for the high-end patients while certain programs are aimed at people of low income status in the society, bu t are of similar quality. Most states are providing coverage for children from low income families under Medicaid along with the State Children’s Health Insurance Program. Galama, T., & Van-Kippersluis, H. (2010). A theory of socioeconomic disparities in health over life cycle. Retrieved March 17, 2015, from

Science Standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Science Standards - Essay Example This is the relationship that is also seen between social studies and English, where students can implement English into global essays and so on. However, it is important for them to be able to cross link their studies in math and science because they are so interwoven into each other curriculums. One of the first methods from the math standards that I would immediately adopt is the use of technology to help student learn. Science is another technical learning area, and be incorporating as much technology as possible teachers can allow students to work hands on certain areas that they may not otherwise be able to understand completely. One of these pieces of technology would be the scientific calculator, which is used quite a bit during math curriculum. Using this tool in science class helps students take the calculator technology they already know from math class and much more easily implement it into science class. The other technological part of the math curriculum that I believe would also help students in science class would be the use of computers. The math standards have students starting in computer as low as the elementary grades, which are shown to greatly benefit student achievement.

Heavy Smoking Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Heavy Smoking - Assignment Example This chronic condition makes breathing complicated to the victims or the patients. The forms of COPD can involve either lasting coughing with mucus or damage of the lungs over a given period. Exposure to air pollution and stuffy places like bars and bus stations, especially by the older people, for long hours or years can increase the prevalence of the disease in the body. Although the disease can be diagnosed and preventable by qualified doctors, the causes, prognosis, consequential requirements and social life of the victims might be at risks if not avoided at initial stages. Exposure to harmful fumes Mr. L, a bartender, suffers from the condition because he has been exposed to this situation for 40 years. Firstly, despite Mr. L being a heavy smoker, he also works in a bar where patrons smoke at all the times exposing his health to even greater healthy risks. At age 55, the lungs cannot fight the chronic damage caused through engulfing of the respiratory organs. This is further inf luenced by the air pollution created at the bus terminus by the city buses that he commutes in on a daily basis. The difficulty experienced when he walked past the three blocks is because he used respiratory gases at high rates of breathing, which caused the dilapidated walls of the lung to become narrow. This makes the situation challenging to Mr. L to access enough energy that can enable him walk on the dusty blocks. This, therefore, results from the excess unpurified air that he inhales from the bus terminus through to the dusty blocks and finally the smoke particles consumed from the cigarettes. The combination of the different unpurified gases accumulate in the lungs causing difficulty in breathing and insufficient supply of energy and gases to the heart, which leads to fatigue prompting him to rest (Falvo, 2009). Causes, incidence, and risk factors Smoking is the primary cause of COPD to Mr. L. The further the individual smoked, the more he developed COPD. However, some indivi duals smoke for years and never acquire COPD. In exceptional cases, nonsmokers who are exposed to smoking conditions and lack a protein called alpha-1 antitrypsin can also acquire the disease. Additionally, contact to certain combination of gases or fumes in the workplace such as bars and industrial places are risky. Exposure to grave amounts of secondhand smoke and toxic waste also increased the disease. Lastly, recurrent use of cooking fire with no appropriate ventilation makes the gases to cover the room, which the cook will inhale while in that kitchen (Falvo, 2009). Signs and Symptoms COPD condition is indicated by constant cough, with or without mucus, fatigue (that occasioned Mr. L to rest near the three blocks), multiple respiratory illnesses, and shortness of breath (dyspnea) that gets terrible with mild activity or difficulty catching one's gulp of air and panting. The symptoms of COPD develop gradually; some people might not recognize that they are sick. Expectations (pro gnosis) COPD is a lasting (chronic) illness. The infection will get dreadful more rapidly if one does not quit smoking. Victims with severe COPD may be short of breath with nearly all activities and might be hospitalized more regularly. These patients ought to consult qualified doctors about breathing equipment and end-of-life care (Falvo, 2009). Treatment In order for Mr. L to remain in his career, he should adopt preventive measures such as persons with COPD have to stop smoking. This is the finest way to slow down the lung destruction. However, medication alternatives can also be applied to treat COPD, for instance, use of inhalers (bronchodilators) to unlock the airways, such as ipratropium (Atrovent) and albuterol. The patient can also

Final Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Final Project - Assignment Example But due to be too slow and too heavy in the American’s highways, the product did not yield high profit and thus the brand had to be taken back to Japan. In my own opinion, the Japanese considered American as the market target because at that time the World War II had just ended and thus they considered that the vehicle would be used in transport and other commercial assignments. The new brand of Toyopet which the company considered to be accepted in the market was because the car could carry a few passengers and more baggage than any other brand during 1950s. The target market in terms of demographics was in consideration of the family size since the product was manufactured as small brand that would not encourage a lot of passengers. The model considered psycho-graphics, the social class and lifestyle since the model was seen as a personal social class of individuals who did not like to use it for transportation purposes. The company, after manufacturing Toyopet Crown then st ated that it was the start and new models like Toyota Prius and lexus RX 450h were coming in the future. According to my research after going through the history of Toyopet and the target market, the consumers behavior changed towards the model because the product did not offer 0-to 60- mph performance as an American car and thus meaning that as the company was manufacturing the model they did not consider the environment in which it was going to operate in and thus concluded that the car was not engineered for the united states. The low income earners were the target market for the product since the product was small size automobile that was designed for low cost purchase and operations. Toyopet model resembled the British Ford Consul and Zephyr which were designed for a settled family with young family that needed their first car. Market target for the Toyopet Crown in terms

Bessie Smith Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Bessie Smith - Essay Example Bessie Smith’s inherent passion for music was discovered fortunately at a very young age as she and her brother took to the streets of their local neighbourhoods in Chattanoonga, as they sang and danced in order to earn money for their meals. However, her brother soon left her to join a professional troupe and she was left behind due to being very young. Soon enough, her brother arranged for a meeting and interview for Bessie for the Stokes Troupe and she was hired as a dancer but not as a singer, thus her true potential had yet not been realised. In 1915, the singer left and became a part of the Theater Owners Bookers Association, an African American performance group and this became the milestone in her career. The group helped her to gain popularity all over and become a recognised singer. Following this, offers began coming in for Bessie to be part of musicals and one of her firsts, titled ‘How Come?’ made its way to Broadway as well. Here, Bessie co starred w ith Sidney Bechet. Looking at her success and getting motivated by the same, Smith moved on to working in theatre, mostly Black theatres as they accepted her better, and in 1923 she landed with her first recording contract. Soon enough, Bessie became one of the highest paid black women in her field however, the money did not make much difference to her life then and she realised she wanted to sing all her life. Smith’s voice, mellifluous and harmonious, was something she was able to practice and develop on her own. She did not receive any formal training from anywhere, and with the practice she had had since her early years, she dedicated and devoted more time to get even better than what she was and all that she had achieved. Bessie’s mentor, during her years with the Stokes Troupe was Ma Rainey, and she learned a lot during her time there even though it was not a platform for her to better her vocal power and skills. Nonetheless, under Ma Rainey, she was able to lear n and understand what stage presence meant and how she could make herself better in front of the general public. During the time that Bessie was trying to establish herself, the environment for black people was not very conducive. Apartheid reigned badly all around and the opportunities for blacks were very limited, especially in off the hook fields like music. She first got a chance to sing with Okeh Records as they signed her alongside Mamie Smith. Being a woman, Bessie knew she had to really give in her best and fight for her rights in order to get her music heard across to people and have them accept her first as a musician and then as an identity and part of her race. Columbia Records thus, was impressed by her because of her work with Okeh Records, and soon signed her as a part of ‘race records’ series with her record named ‘Cemetery Blues’ which was the first to be released in 1923. Paramount Label had helped Bessie’s first hit titled ‘G ulf Coast Blues’ coupled with ‘Downhearted Blues’ to become an even bigger hit than what it was at the time of release. Bessie began to tour following this success as well as prepared and trained for theatre productions and musicals. She was given titles such as ‘

Final Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Final Project - Assignment Example But due to be too slow and too heavy in the American’s highways, the product did not yield high profit and thus the brand had to be taken back to Japan. In my own opinion, the Japanese considered American as the market target because at that time the World War II had just ended and thus they considered that the vehicle would be used in transport and other commercial assignments. The new brand of Toyopet which the company considered to be accepted in the market was because the car could carry a few passengers and more baggage than any other brand during 1950s. The target market in terms of demographics was in consideration of the family size since the product was manufactured as small brand that would not encourage a lot of passengers. The model considered psycho-graphics, the social class and lifestyle since the model was seen as a personal social class of individuals who did not like to use it for transportation purposes. The company, after manufacturing Toyopet Crown then st ated that it was the start and new models like Toyota Prius and lexus RX 450h were coming in the future. According to my research after going through the history of Toyopet and the target market, the consumers behavior changed towards the model because the product did not offer 0-to 60- mph performance as an American car and thus meaning that as the company was manufacturing the model they did not consider the environment in which it was going to operate in and thus concluded that the car was not engineered for the united states. The low income earners were the target market for the product since the product was small size automobile that was designed for low cost purchase and operations. Toyopet model resembled the British Ford Consul and Zephyr which were designed for a settled family with young family that needed their first car. Market target for the Toyopet Crown in terms

Greenhouse gas emissions and price elasticity of transport fuel demand Essay

Greenhouse gas emissions and price elasticity of transport fuel demand in Belgium - Essay Example The policy of increase in fuel tax by the Belgian government is taken into consideration in this article. The paper seeks to find the impact of an increase in fuel taxes on the consumption of fuels by estimating the price elasticity of fuel demand. Backdrop of the article The Kyoto protocol, named after the Japanese city, is an international agreement concluded in 1997, aimed at the reduction of the accumulated greenhouse gas emissions of the developed nations and lessening the intensity of global warming1. Since the start of negotiations on Kyoto Protocol, Belgian government adapted an ambitious position in the climate regime in the European as well as in the international level2.Belgium has also participated in the targets of reducing the greenhouse emission and has been successful overall in cutting down the intensity of emission by the importance of nuclear energy. But the intensity of emission is high in some sectors like heavy industry residential heating. But severe instances of emission are found to be generated in a rigorous basis from the road transport sector in Belgium which represents 20% of the all Green house gas emission3. Belgium is a small country in the respect that it is a price taker of the fuel prices in the international market as its demand has little or no effect on the international oil price. So the supply curve faced by Belgium can be thought to be infinitely elastic. Thus a change in the tax structure of the country is directly and fully gets reflected on the domestic prices and the quantity (fuel consumption) is directly related with the price elasticity of demand for fuels. Thus the prime parameter on which the quantity that is the fuel consumption depends in this case can be considered to be price elasticity of demand of fuels and thus we will analyze its impact with the help of theoretical understandings. Elasticity of demand Before moving into the realms of the topic in consideration it is necessary to clearly understand the co ncept of elasticity of demand. The elasticity of demand refers to the degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded of a commodity to a change in any of its determinants viz, price of the commodity, price of other commodities and income of the consumers. But in this paper we are only concerned with the price elasticity of demand4. Price elasticity of demand â€Å"The price elasticity of demand measures the sensitivity of the quantity demanded to changes in the price†5. In other words it is a measure of how much a quantity demanded of a commodity changes when its price changes. Mathematically the price elasticity of demand can be represented as the ratio of the percentage change in the quantity demanded of a commodity to a given change in price. Thus, Where, = Price elasticity of demand, = Change in quantity, =Change in quantity demanded6. Fig.1 In the above diagram the initial price was P0 and the quantity demanded was Q0. When price rose to P1 the quantity demanded falls to Q1 following the law of demand which states that for a normal commodity as price increases the quantity demanded falls as a result. In the diagram, the gap and the gap . Different types of price elasticity of demand The numerical value of price elasticity of demand varies from zero to infinity. In terms of its numerical value (i.e, degree of elasticity), there are generally five types kinds of price elasticity of demand. A. Perfectly Inelastic demand When the quantity demanded of a commodity does not respond to the change in its price, then the elasticity of demand is said to be perfectly inelastic demand. The numerical value of inelastic demand is zero7. Fig. 2 In the above diag

Philosophy and theories Essay Example for Free

Philosophy and theories Essay Different philosophers have different ideas and theories. This has always been true. In this course, we looked at a number of different philosophers, including Russell, Christian, and Wittgenstein. Each has a unique perspective. Russell looks at philosophy as a very broad field, while others don’t. His definition places philosophy as ideas which fall between science and religion, which he says means it gets attacked from all sides. He also believes that religion has given answers which are too definite without any proof, and science tells people only what is actually true, while philosophy examines questions, to determine what might be true. Christian agrees in some areas. He, too, looks at philosophy as a way to examine questions, to figure out what is possibly true. He extends on this to say that one must also look at the relationships between ideas. He does not mention philosophy as having anything at all to do with religion and science, at least not in the way that Russell does. Wittgenstein believe something much more simple than either Russell or Christian. He looks at philosophy as â€Å"untying the knots† in one’s thinking. He looks at philosophy as answering questions, much like the others, but he doesn’t describe it in terms of religion and science like Russell, nor does he outline several different points as does Christian. Instead, he looks at philosophy as simply a way of thinking in order to understand what is going on (which he is careful to explain does not mean it is simple). In general, all these philosophers agree that philosophy is a way of thinking and of answering questions. However, they each disagree exactly where it came from and how it relates to the rest of the world. That is where philosophy is open to continued discussion.

Our Living Shield: The First Amendment Essay -- essays research papers

Our Living Shield: The First Amendment The authors of the Constitution of the United States created a magnificent list of liberties which were, at the time ascribed, to most people belonging to the United States. The main author, James Madison, transported the previous ideas of f undamental liberties from the great libertarians around the world, such as John Lilburne, John Locke, William Walwyn and John Milton. Madison and other previous libertarians of his time were transposed into seventeen different rights which were to be secured to all those in the United States. These seventeen civil liberties were compressed into ten different groupings which were designated as the "Bill of Rights." In this document lay the First Amendment which stated that the people of the Uni ted States had the "freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government..." The First Amendment was drafted by federalist Madison mainly as a political tactic to abolish anti-federalist resistance to the Constitution. After its passage in December of 1791, the First Amendment remained more idealistic than realistic. The First Amendment remained a set of ideals which were not to be carried out during its first century, then progressed to more realistic terms during its latter half of utilization. During the first century of the First Amendment, the First Amendment was paid a glance by all when it came to actually carrying out...

We Can Stop Global Warming Essay -- Climate Change, 2015

As human beings begin life in the 21st century, the possibilities seem endless. The technological advancements of the past few centuries have rid us of many of the problems that once plagued our species, including deadly diseases and wide spread famine in many places, yet it is all of our technology that may ultimately prove to be our undoing. The byproducts of the modern, technology-driven world are carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, and they are the leading cause of the current global warming crisis. The U.N. scientific panel of 2007 concluded that the evidence of global warming is  unequivocal.. Also, in agreement with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the U.N. scientific panel supports the claim that humanity is playing a role in the warming (New York Times). The evidence is all around and irrefutable; the Earth is warming: the only question that remains is what to do about it. America is a world leader, and so far we have done too little of signifi cance to mitigate this problem; it is up to the American people, as a concerned public and electorate, to bring about the changes necessary to spare the planet from global warming's potentially disastrous consequences. While many Americans do not fully understand global warming, or the processes behind it, we all notice changes that are occurring in the environment around us. Hotter summers, shorter winters, less snowfall, and changes in plant cycles are just a few of the climatic changes being caused by increased atmospheric temperatures: the result of greenhouse gases being emitted by human beings, also known as global warming (EPA). While the Earth does go through natural cycles of warmer and cooler weather, the current warming trend is different. The... ...hope that with determination the American people, through political and personal responsibility, can steer our nation on a better course, and avoid global warming's terrible consequences. Works Cited Environmental Protection Agency. 2015. United States of America. 2 April 2015. . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2015. United States of America. 1 April 2015. . Natural Resources Defense Council. 2015. Issues: Global Warming. 7 April 2015. . The New York Times. March 8th 2015. Science Topics. 1 April 2015. . The White House. 2015. Energy and Environment. 9 April 2015.

Home Reading Report Essay

1. Could this story be true? yes  Why? State your reason in two or three sentences. This story could be true because in our lives now we have to fight for our love ones and that we have to protect them. Even though if we have to give up something we have to do in order for us to prove to the people that we can live together with our family and that our family is more important. 2. List three major characters and delineate each. a)Elizabeth Bennet – The econd of the Bennet daughters at twenty years old, she is intelligent, lively, attractive, and witty. b)Mr. Darcy – Twenty-eight years old and unmarried, Darcy is the wealthy owner of the famous family estate of Pemberley in Derbyshire. Handsome, tall, and intelligent. c)Jane Bennet – Twenty-two years old when the novel begins, she is considered the most beautiful young lady in the neighbourhood. She is sweeter, shyer, sensible but not as clever as Elizabeth. 3. Name the character that you like best. Give your reason in not less that 60 words. I like Elizabeth Bennet because I can see myself in her. I am so protective when it comes to my family I always defend them from rumors about us. I always want my family to be happy and no problems at all I want them to live happily. Just like Elizabeth Bennet she cares so much for her family especially whe it somes to the love affairs of her sibling and especially Jane Bennet towards Charles Bingley. She was willing to do anything in order for her sister and her family to be happy and she was willing to sacrifice her love for Mr. Darcy so that they will live all happily. 4. Pick out beautiful lines from the book and be able to explain them. â€Å"Think only of the past as its remembrance gives you pleasure.† I choose this beautiful line from the book because this line also describes myself. Everytime something bad happens or im scared I just close my eyes and try to remember the happy moments I had with my family and with my friends. I just look back to those happy moments so that I can still move on and try to be after. Everytime I try to remember all the Happy moments I had encounter I just start laughing by myself and it really gives me pleasure when I remember those because those happy moments I had will be part of my treasured moments and I will always treasure them no matter what. I always want to be happy so that i won’t grow old so fast and just keep living and make more adventures with you friends and family so that when you grow old you still have so much memories to share with your family. And everytime you remember those you ould laugh and laughter is the best medicine. 5. Give the synopsis of the story. Pride and Prejudice is the story of Mrs. and Mr. Bennet and their five daughters, Jane, Elizabeth, Mary, Catherine and Lydia, especially Elizabeth. The story focuses on various romantic adventures these young girls encounter at their residence. Their parents are strikingly contrasting to each other. Mr. Bennet comes across as a wise and witty gentleman, while the issue of marrying off her daughters has absorbed Mrs. Bennet completely. The arrival of the young and wealthy bachelor Charles Bingley and his friend Fitzwilliam Darcy in the neighborhood adds a new twist to Austen’s tale. While Jane Bennet, the oldest and most beautiful of the Bennet sisters, attracts Mr. Bingley’s eye and sparks fly, Darcy upsets another sister, Elizabeth, with his proud behavior and arrogance. She is now looking for every opportunity to demean Darcy and see him down. However, as fate would have it, Darcy finds himself drawn to Elizabeth’s liveliness and independent spirit, when she comes to visit Jane at Netherlands, Bingley’s residence. This doesn’t set well will Bingley’s sister, Caroline, and her jealousy becomes quite apparent. In the mean time, Elizabeth meets a young and charming military officer, George Wickham.Wickham who tells Elizabeth about his past mistreatments at the hands of Darcy. This grows Elizabeth’s disdain for Darcy. As the story progresses, even Elizabeth finds herself attracted to Darcy. Darcy proposes to her, much to her surprise. He tells Elizabeth that he had been fighting and trying to overcome his feelings for her, due to her family’s inferiority. Feeling insulted, she rejects the proposal saying that she dislikes Darcy as he mistreated Mr. Wickham and is also responsible for separating Jane and Bingley. The next da,y she receives a letter from Darcy, narrating an alternate version of events.Things once again go sour between the duo, due to certain misunderstandings. Some time later, they meet again and Elizabeth comes to know that Darcy is a kind and generous man and that he has played a major role in bringing Jane and Bingley together. Darcy musters the courage to propose her once again and this time, Elizabeth accepts the proposal. Jane and Bingley also clear their misconceptions and come together as the climax unfolds. ‘Pride and Prejudice’ is the story of the various fondness, mannerisms and engagement pranks that develop due to Mrs. Bennet’s insistent matchmaking and the dashing Darcy’s passionate relationship with Elizabeth Bennet. 6. What morals did you learn from the story? Describe a significant human experince to illustrate the moral (s) learned. From the story Pride and Prejudice I learned that no matter what problems we encounter our family will always be there to support one another and that our family always comes first and that I also have to protect thema dndefend them no matter what will happen because our family has always been there ever since we our little kids and that they know whatis right or wrong for us. They know us better than our friends does. If my sister encounters a problem i will always be here to defend her and always stay at her side and that no matter what she will always be my sister, same goes with my family. I love my family so much.

Maternal Deprivation Essay

An understanding of my feelings regarding Maternal deprivation Maternal deprivation was a term used by British psychologist John Bowlby. Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation was that any disruption to the continuity of a loving and mutual bond between child and mother/mother figure can be potentially damaging to a child’s emotional, intellectual and social development. Bowlby believed that if a bond is broken between child and mother between the crucial period of 6 months and 5 years, then the child is at high risk of developing things like anti social behaviour and mental retardation. There are different kinds of separation: Short term separation: This occurs when working mothers/ mother figure make use of daycare or child or mother figure has a short stay in hospital. Long term separation: Occurs when families split up and one parent has custody or when both parents die. Privation: Occurs when a child is orphaned very young and receives institutional care, or when a child is severely neglected or abused by carers so that an atypical attachment is formed. Maternal Privation: this occurs when an infant is never allowed to bond with their mother figure. Prived children do not experience the close relationship most of us get to enjoy. He believed that The first 5 years of life are the most important in a persons development. Separation from a parent especially the mother is a major cause in psychological trauma in childhood Such deprivation and consequent psychological trauma has long lasting affects on the over all development of a child The attachment is monotropic meaning it is between the child and one other person. There is a critical period for attachment formation, he thought was between 6 months and 3 years. The child must form an attachment by around 6 months, after which they will have a strong need to be continually close to the mother/mother figure. Any obstacle to the forming of attachment or any subsequent disruption of the relationship constitutes â€Å"Maternal deprivation. The secure attachment and continuous relationship a child needs is far more likely to be provided within the natural family than  anywhere else. Bowlby believed that there are huge psychological consequences for a child who has experienced separation from their mother/mother figure. Bowlby based his research on a group of children who had been sent to his clinic for stealing, this was known as â€Å" The thieves study† The aim of this study was to see if juvenile criminals who displayed affectionless psychopathy were likely to have had an early separation than those who had not. Eighty eight children half of whom had criminal records for theft. Fourteen of the thieves displayed a lack of normal affection, a sense of responsibility or shame. Almost all of these children suffered early or prolonged separation from their mothers/mother figure. The remaining seventy four children who were not affectionless, only seven had been separated from their mother figures. This appears to strongly support Bowlbys theory. Bowbly said that â€Å"mother love in Infancy and childhood is as important for mental health as vitamins and proteins are for physical health† I agree, Children need a stable, permanent, loving figure in their lives, for comfort, support, safety and to know and feel love. A happy child is a thriving child.

Feminist Philosophy Essay

Mary Wollstonecraft was no doubt a great feminist and deserved to be called grandmother of the feminist thought. Her early experiences of an unsuccessful family life as well as the prevailing notion of the philosophers at that time about women shaped her views to become authentic feminist grand mother. Wollstonecraft’s feminist ideas affected the first wave of feminism through her arguments against the prevailing views on women most notably that of Rousseau’s which categorized women as subservient to men. Rousseau held that women’s education should be designed entirely to make them pleasing to men. Rousseau reflected â€Å"to please, to be useful to us, to make us love and esteem them, to educate us when young and take care of us when grown up, to advise, to console us, to render our lives easy and agreeable—these are duties of women at all times†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Feminist Philosophy). Against this view, Wollstonecraft work hard to emphasize that the role of women in the society were not simply an ornaments and playthings of men as they are also capable of attaining masculine virtues of wisdom and rationality â€Å"if society would allow those value to be cultivated† (p.475-476). Wollstonecraft pointed out that the prevailing views on women had bad implications not only on women but on society as well as they will only breed bitterness, jealousy, and folly. She affected the first wave of feminist by encouraging them â€Å"to restore women to their lost dignity by encouraging better ideas of woman hood† (p. 476). How did Simone de Beauvoirs writing shape the second wave? The second wave of feminism was a resurgence of early feminism as a result of various works of feminists during the 1940s such as her works. De Beauvoir writings shaped the second wave of feminism by shedding light about what is a woman in the concept of being other, and how men views women during this period. In her writings de Beauvoir shed social understanding on womanhood. She pointed out that the fundamental social meaning of woman is Other. She explained, â€Å"No group ever sets itself up as the One without at once setting up the Other over against itself† (p. 479). The thought that de Beauvoir was pointing out was that men do not view women as human being like them but as Others who are to be treated as stranger that do not deserve equal treatment. The implication of men’s treatment of women as Others according to de Beauvoir was that because women are others, they do not need to be given â€Å"equal weight to their preferences† simply because they are others (p. 480). Debeauvoir’s writings shaped the second wave of feminism through her unique way of providing social understanding about how women were regarded by men during this period. How did the events of the first and second wave affect each other? Apparently, the event of the first and the second wave of feminism affect each other in a way that they connect the second wave to the first. The second wave feminist was inspired by the events during the first wave to tag along their path of pushing for the recognition of women’s rights. Apparently, the events of the first wave feminist shaped the understanding of the second wave feminism about women’s rights, against the existing social and philosophical views on women. Thus, the events of the first wave serves as mirror for the second wave, and as inspiration for them to continue women’s struggle for the restoration of their lost dignity as women equal with men in many aspect, especially on human rights. Reference More-Bruder: Philosophy: The Power of Ideas (2008) Feminist Philosophy The McGraw-Hill Companies